STORY
Here humans are in a universe. Humans have defined time, space, and matter. How old is this universe? How big is this universe? What is the difference between space and matter? How much space and how much matter is there?
Trying to find how old the universe is not easy and perhaps impossible. The same is true for finding how big the universe is, and what the smallest piece of matter is.
[Some humans ask why is there a universe, and I think that perhaps the question "why" has no value in a universe of only where, when and what (time, space and matter).]
How old is the universe? What is the most old piece of matter? Is all matter the same age? There is more than one opinion of how old the universe is.
EXPLANATION 1:
UNIVERSE HAD START TIME
This is the most popular explanation at this time. In the current most popular explanation, the universe is expanding as a result of an initial explosion (the "big bang"). The evidence for this is in the red shift of the photons from (all?) other galaxies explained as a "doplar shift" where the galaxies are moving apart from each other. The photons emitted from calcium atoms of other galaxies has lower frequencies than photons from calcium atoms seen here on earth. According to the most popular theory, the velocity and distance of the other galaxies can be calculated from the amount of change in frequency. I am adding that for the universe to be expanding, more space must be added all the time (although no more matter is added in the opinion I am putting forward. Other humans think that matter and antimatter can separate making matter and antimatter from empty space). Where does the space come from? Is the space added equally in all parts of the universe? Can this expanding or added space be measured in this star system? Perhaps the the universe is expanding in to space outside of the visible universe.
Humans like to use the example of dots on the surface of a balloon to explain how the universe in expanding and how galaxies are separating from each other. A 3 dimensional example is perhaps a better example, and is thinking of galaxies not on the surface of a balloon, but inside the balloon. As a human moves air in to the balloon, and the balloon expands, the galaxies (or points/Oxygen atoms) inside the balloon move apart.
EXPLANATION 2:
UNIVERSE HAD NO START
In this explanation, the universe has no start, but has been in existence for all time. The red shifted photons could be red shifted because of the space between the galaxies, and could indicate only distance (and not velocity relative to earth), although I have read that photons from the star the earth rotates show blue and red shift dependent on the velocity of the part of the star photons are being measured from. Another explanation is that the galaxies are moving apart, but from the natural effects of gravity (for example the way planets are used to send ships away with more velocity) not from an original explosion. In this view no new matter is made. The idea that all matter (and the universe) must have a start (and end) time may be a human made error, perhaps the universe does not comply with human logic or follow the pattern of molecules and living objects.
OTHER EXPLANATIONS:
There must be other explanations, and nobody should be locked in a jail or hospital for such views. Some humans could guess that the universe had a start, but is much older, or much younger than the current view. Other humans could say the universe probably had no start, but is in fact expanding. Exploring other ideas is fine.
The limit of the universe is an interesting idea. There is no way of photons more than a certain distance to reach the earth because the . If the expanding universe is true (and even for the theory that galaxies are simply moving apart because of the effects of gravity) then eventually some galaxies will move beyond the "view" of humans of this star. One idea is that stars emit photons in a sphere. As the photons move away in every direction there is more space than photons. For example, the number of photons from the star the earth rotates measured at planet Mercury are more than the number of photons measured at planet Earth. In this way, as a human gets more distant from a source of photons, eventually all the photons will be moving in a different direction, not even one photon will be in the direction of planet earth.
If there is an origin of the universe than there is a start time 0. In a 4 dimension space-time (3 dimensions of space the familiar x,y,z and one of time t) there would be a point (0,0,0,0).
For a universe with no start time, the universe can still be viewed as having a past. Humans can still say that the earth is 4.6 e9 years old, and the current stars in the milky way galaxy are 10 *** billion years old (if there were stars before the current stars, there may be no way of finding this, perhaps some living objects will have stored photons from a more early time).
In any event, humans of earth must change from the current BC/AD and all other time systems, to a time system that at least reflects the true age of the earth, the milky way, or the universe as defined by the most accurate red shift estimate. Changing to a time system like 15,000,000,000 years:
ASU (after the start of the universe)
AST (after the start of time)
ABU (after the beginning of the universe)
ABT (after the beginning of time)
ATB (after time began)
ATS (after time started)
must be done for accuracy, to support truth and science, and to stop the popularity and ignorence of religion.
For this kind of a time system a numbering system that included letters could be used to make the number less digits. The rest of the letters in the alphabet could be used to make 15,000,000,000 = E03SN, then the next year would be E03SO, E03SP, etc...
Humans like to use earth years, and the earth year is the amount of time for the earth to make one complete rotation of the sun (a yellow star like the other stars humans see when the part of the earth they are standing on is turned away from the sun), but humans could also use a time system of seconds, where humans will say "I will see you in a thousand seconds". There are nanoseconds, femtoseconds, Jupiter years (the amount of time Jupiter takes to orbit the star), and even Milky Way Years (the amount of time for a star to orbit the Milky Way Galaxy).
If the expanding universe ("big bang") explanation is true than at time=0 seconds, minutes (any time unit a human may want to use) the universe started.
Perhaps there was then a collapse of matter that led to the current expansion. This could be a continuous cycle of exploding and collapsing universes. So this start time could be at any place in millions, or billions or expanding and then collapsing universes. I think that humans would like to think that there could be some initial start to this universe, how else could a universe exist if there was no initial start? This is possible, but again perhaps the universe had no start and the human idea of an origin does not apply in the universe humans find them selves a part of. Humans are made of space and matter, the same matter and space of the rest of the universe. Humans are a part of the universe. The matter in humans also obeys any physical laws like gravity. Humans are part of the path that matter is taking in the universe. This path involves septillions of photons, and countless spaces. Living objects on earth are simply groups of molecules. The atoms in the molecules of living objects are the same as the atoms in nonliving objects.
If there was a possible universe collapse and then expansion, then the current most popular estimate of the last expansion (the start of the current universe), measured by the rate the universe is expanding (and secret hidden unexplained equations) is 15 to 18 billion earth years. If the universe is expanding at ***cm3/s, then to go backwards in time, the universe would go from the current size to a size like 1 cm3 in 15e9 years. What is the current size of the universe? The size of the universe that can be seen from photons is the visible universe, but perhaps there is more matter and space outside of this. So here again, humans can not be sure that the galaxies humans can see are the absolute outside of the 3 dimensional sphere (or some other shape) of the universe.
Now I will start to describe the most popular and other less popular story of the past of this universe.
time 0 (size 0) at least 15 to 18 e9 earth years before now
At a start time of this universe there are a number of explanations. The most popular story involves the idea of "energy" and 4 "forces". The four forces (gravity, electromagnetic, strong, and weak) are thought to be the result of particles. So the forces are seen as actually being particle collisions or combinations (only particles moving under gravity? ***). (So are these particles moving because of gravity, geometry of space-time?***) In this view, there are four particles that explain each force (graviton, photon, gluon, weak boson). Another story I am adding views the universe as "only matter and space". In the view I am sharing, photons are pieces of matter and that all other "forces" can be explained as results of a single force of gravity or the bending of a 4 dimensional space-time by matter (although I think the dependence of time on the velocity of photons is not accurate).
(Some humans explain that there were gravity waves, and other humans claim that there was only radiation or energy before matter)
The basic idea is that all the matter of the universe was located in a volume of space infinately small (what ever that number is). All the matter of the universe, this included me and you, the planet earth, the stars of the Milky Way Galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, all the other galaxies and all the photons in between the stars and galaxies. The most popular story is that this most dense sphere or some shape of matter was made at this time and started expanding.
There is some amount of question as to how the matter was distributed at the start of the universe. Was the matter equally distributed in space. Eventualy, the matter had to move to the current distribution of matter in the form of islands of galaxies in an ocean of space.
Some humans call this piece of matter a particle (an X particle). In the view I am sharing the smallest units of matter, perhaps photons, neutrinos, or even smaller pieces of matter were in this most small space.
In the most popular view, this matter and space started expanding. As the space of the universe started to expand, there was more space being made but, still the same amount of matter. Humans like to say the universe was getting more cold, or less in temperature. If the space was already there (although this is not the most popular view), then the matter was moving in to this empty space. The X particle split (or decayed) in to 1 (or more? ***) Z particle(s) and (some other particle???)
??? time seconds after start of universe
The most popular theory ("the Standard Model") explains that of the 4 forces (gravity, electromagnetic, strong, weak) the Z particle is a particle that exists only in a high energy density (high temperature), like the distribution of matter in space in a particle collider or an early expanding universe, where pieces of matter are colliding more often than, for example, in the pieces of matter in the air surrounding planet earth, or the space in between planets and stars. The Z particle is thought to carry 2 "forces" (and the 2 particles, 1 weak boson and 1 photon (? ***), that represent what humans interpret as the 2 forces) combined electromagnetic-weak force.
The most popular explanation (if ever shown) is that the
Z particle(s) split in to a weak boson and a photon (? ***)
The most popular theory explains that the weak boson (measured in proton-antiproton collisions ***) is what causes atoms to decay, or split in to smaller parts.
weak boson
1st photon(s) (of every frequency? ***)
When were neutrinos made (? ***)
1st neutrino
(quarks ***)
proton
neutron
electron
(antimatter? if neutron is actually proton+electron+antineutrino)
Hydrogen H2
Helium He (2?)
First stars - first chance of life?
how are stars made? hydrogen and helium (made of photons), h2+h2 combine = he - can be done in space between stars, in accelerator, lab? what is effect of quantity of (space and) matter in star (and planet) making?
when can life form?
quasars
first planets orbiting star - or matter orbiting with no stars?
planets start as gas - cool to liquid - then solid? (B)
First red giant, supernova, nova
nitrogen, iron, larger atoms...uranium
molecules? - certainly O2, H2O? CO2? CH4?
(van der waals, hydrogen, "forces" that hold atoms together to make molecules - all aspects of gravity? of electromagnetic force?)
first white dwarf, nuetron star, black star
galaxies
second generation stars- stars made from exploded other stars
milky way galaxy forms? - stars in glob clust of milky way 1st stars in universe?
earth star and planets (including earth) made - planets before star?...or after the star turns on?
LIFE ON EARTH
4.6e9
CH4, H2O
(oceans formed 4.6 e9? at start of earth?) If not already here, where did H2O come from?
(small amounts of O2 from H2O uv/electron separation - H2 moves away from earth)
Amino Acids, (Miller Urey - carbonacious condrites)
(formed on earth, or from other planet?)
Amino acids that copy (copying = living?)
DNA
(virus or bacteria first?)
evidence of bacteria - input and output of virus and bacteria ***? exact anatomy
cyanobacteria (blue green algea)
photo synthesis - O2 made
3.5e9 ybn oldest fossils of living objects. (fossils of bacteria that can already photo synthesize?). (B)
first cell (no nucleus) procaryote? only kind of cell, no other kinds of cells
oldest fossil of bacteria?
virus - bacteria (all of life on earth has grown/evolved from bacteria, all have ancestor called/catagorized as bacteria)
seaweed? (B)
1.5e9 ybn eucaryote cell (only 2 kinds of cells found in every living object on earth)
eucaryote cell is larger than procariote (show image). Eucaryote cells have nucleus with DNA. (B) Nucleus is procaryote cell? How did DNA connect to form eucaryote cell - chromosomes = code/instructions for various organelles of cell? *** perhaps these strands of DNA were connected to grow two (and more) parts in one cell/object. Complete anatomy of eucaryote cell.
1.2e9 ybn Multicell (B)
1.2e9 sponges, jellyfish, worms (B)
900e6 first hard shell living objects on earth, mollusks
fungi - doolittle at ucsd - common anscestor 1e9 years
eyes evolve?
500e6 trilobytes, crustaceans (B)
500e6 oxygen at present level (B)
460e6? Algea? - first to grow on land (B)
450e6 first fish, first backbone/spine evolves (B)
anemonea
400e6 insects - second on land (B)
deuterostone/other - (D)
lung evolves?
360e6 amphibians on land (B)
amphibians - frogs
325e6 reptiles - first hard shell egg (B)
trees (gymnosperms)
most large extinction on earth - end of permian part of paleozoic, starts mesozoic (tri, jur, creta)
200e6 sharks, ammonites (B)
150e6 dinosaurs, pterosaur (first flying living objects on earth) (B)
first flower (angiosperm = only two kinds of plants and trees gymnosperm and angiosperm) magnolia
birds - archaeopteryx
(explain cold blooded)/hot blooded evolves - when? difference is cold blooded=no internal heat (or minimum), hot blooded=internal heat made from chemical reaction (E)
mammals
horse
70e6 -extinction meteor impact yukatan (B)
70e6 pouched mammals/placental mammals (mature in womb before birth) (B)
primates evolve in africa-
monkeys (have tail) (B)
apes (no tail) (B)
(chimpazees, eyes on front of face,targiers,baboons,orangatans, gorillas, ...)
14e6 ramapithecus (image) (B)
13e6 early form of cattle/cow+bull
5e6 australopithecus evolves in (south? and) east of africa (B)
two leg walking primate - australeopiticus
australeopiticus afarensis
stone tools
australeopithicus africanus
flake technology
(australeopithicus starts to eat other mammals?)
(what sounds made? sound +? a selective/survival advantage)
foot prints of three two leg walking australeopithecuses found by Mary Leakey in Litoli
3,000,000 australeopithicus "Lucy" found by Don Johanson group, australiopithcus walked upright, had locking knee
2,600,000 oldest stone tools Olduvai Gorge in east Africa (H)
2,500,000 ybn 1470 man? (B)
1,500,000 ybn elephants, horses, sabre-toothed tigers
500,000 ybn homo (line) erectus (new genus) in africa, europe, and asia(B)
homo erectus (humans?) can start fire using flint
erectus uses torches (***)
out of africa to europe, asia, (australia?)
cromagnon
-clothing - furs
250,000 ybn homo sapiens line/DNA set (B)
70,000 ybn homo sapiens neaderthals (B)
neaderthal live only in caves (no houses/huts)
-burials
cave drawings - alta mira spain, vasceux
homo sapiens sapiens
-races?
sound language - is continuous for all mammals, what are basic sounds? (warnings, laugh, to scare, ...) what was next step in getting to current language? - earliest sounds - letter sounds- each sound duration made less? vowel sounds? O, A, I ... combining these sounds to label objects
neaderthal are extinct?
wooley mammoth is extinct?
saber tooth tiger extinct?
first water ship of wood?
growing plants and other mammal species for food
wheat? - eufrates, tigres - iraq
22,000 BC [20,000 ybn] groups of sapiens move to americas from china, mongolia alaska (bearing strait)
potatos (tubers) grown in americas?
alphabet, symbols, drawn language
most old written symbols on stone (oral language already established, symbols take on combinations of sounds)
first (?) "domesticated" other species dog kept and fed by humans, humans use dogs to hunt other species.
7000 BC start of Palaeolithic (K3)
6000 BC
weaving (H)
pottery (H)
oil lamps (H)
dug out boat in Holland (H)
first city Jerico (H)
flint sickles (H)
saddle quern (H)
einkorn (H)
flax (H)
wheat grown (H)
barley grown (H)
millet grown (H)
simple bows and arrows (H)
spears (H)
alluvial gold (?) (H)
Catal Hüyük (H)
goats kept and fed, killed for food
5000 BC end of palaeolithic, start of neolithic (K3)
?? upper egypt ruled by Badarian, and then? Naqada 1 and 2. Lower egypt ruled by Fayum, and then Merimde (K3)
Sumer
Ur
Akkad
Sargon (Zargon)
4000 BC southern Mesopotamia (middle of two rivers Tigres and Euphrates) "Ubaidian" humans from north live and farm in Ur. A group of Semitic (jewish?) humans from desert in Syria and arabian peninsula move in to Mesopotamia. (K)
3500 BC
ploughs (H)
irrigation in middle east (israel?) (H)
pottery baked in ovens (kilns)
baked bricks in middle east (where?)
donkey kept and fed
vehicles with wheels in Mesopotamia
copper and bronze used
writing in Sumer (alphabet or individual pictures?) (H)
3500 BC in Mesopotamia, stone is rare/scarse/no papryus, but plenty of clay. wet clay is shaped in to slabs (size? - 10cmx10cm?) , a pen/stylus made from a reed carved to sharp point used to draw in clay tablet. tablet dries in photons from star. At first pictures are drawn (see scanned image /show images).(K32)
3500 BC oldest Mesopotamian writing found at Uruk, in south Mesopotamia, near city of al-Ubaid. Uruk has 18 levels of strata (stratigraphical levels ?), at level 4 small tavblets inscribed (pressed with a pointed reed (?)) pictures of objects including cows, sheep, cdereals. Each objects has a group of lines (strokes), circles, and half circles that are thought to be numbers. This first writing is thought to be used to keep a record of the number of objects owned (perhaps in a temple or palace) [and perhaps also for trade, or traded]. (K)
3500 BC 3 cylinder "seals/stamps" (used as signature) in egypt (found later) origin from Uruk 4 period.
Egypt calendar (H)
iron melted (casted?, iron nails?, ...? how?)
Sumerian humans move to Mesopotamia from central asia thru Iran. (K)
3250 BC Scribe humans in Sumer start writing in rows, left to right (seeing that writing was smudged when writing in columns) Pictures are turned 90 degrees.(K32)
3100 BC new group of humns , Armenoid or Giza race of humans enter egypt by delta, skeletal remains show big bones, big-skull (compared to ?) more largr and strong than native tribe humans. These humans brought writing. (K6)
3100 BC oldest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found (K16)
3100 BC humans in egypt start writing, this first writing in egypt is taken from Sumerian humans in Mesopoamia. (K35)
3100 BC Mesopotamia influence in Egpyt. In pictures drawn in egypt, include winged griffins, serent necked felines, pairs of entwined species. knife found at Gebel el Arak has handle with one side Mesopotamian style ships, other side has human standing over two lions dressed in Mesopotamian clothes. (K35)
3100 BC Narmer slate (palette) m\carved with pictures showing unification of egypt under king narmer, founfds Dynasty 1. top of palette has to faces of cow-headed goddess Hathor. Between Hathor heads is name of Narmer, a "n'r" fish and a "mr" chisel (oldest egyptian writing. (K36)
3100 BC Narmer, an "upper egypt" (southern half), unites "lower egypt" (northern half) with "upper egypt".
3100 BC Menes/Narmer dynasty in egypt (K3)
3100-2180 BC Old egyptuan language is used, on pyramids of 5 kings of dynasty 5 and 6, from walls inside mastaba tombs. (K46)
3??? BC "Hieratic", a more cursive symbol set/script is developed for use on material other than stone. hieroglyph only used on stone and for religious texts on papyrus. on papyrus, use of a reed pen led to hieroglyphs being written more fast in abbreviated forms. Word hieratikos = priestly because by greco-roman period was used only by priest humans.
3000 BC
irrigation in egypt (H)
pottery wheel in Mesopotamia (H)
reed boats on Nile (H)
sail boats (H)
ships made of wood in Mediterranean (H)
3000 BC At Jemdat Nasr and Uruk 3 (Sumer? tph), clay and stone tablets that have names of humans (thought to be wage lists), lists of objects, plus receipts and memos. Pictures not drawn with pointed reed, but drawn with [diagnal/obliquely] cut reed-stem pressed in to the wet clay to may wedges called "cuneiform" writing. This is the earliest cuneiform writing found to now. The pictures are changed to be made of all single presses, not pictures drawn freehand. [see images in book](K32)
Akkadian,
Babylonian, Assyrian languages uses cuneiform writing (K33)
Egypt - Sneferu
stone buildings in Egypt (H)
step pyramid of Zojer (Djoser? Sneferu?) (H)
levers and ramps used to move heavy objects/groups of objects (H)
Soldering and welding (H)
early cuneiform writing (H)
Egyptian Hieroglyphs (H)
hieroglyphs - by now letters (A,E,I,K,L,M,O,P,R,T,...) werealready formed and in use
egyptian humans make wine
Imhotep designs a pyramid
Pyramid building
2980-2950 BC Imhotep architect of step pyramid sakkara (near ancient memphis) (F)
hemp grown in China (H)
glass made in Egypt (H)
silk made in China (H)
vehicles with wheels in China (H)
Cheops funeral ship (H)
arch in Egypt (H)
Masonry (plaster?) dam over Wadi Gerrawi (H)
adze and bow drill used in Egypt (H)
chariots in Sumer (H)
Silver objects in Ur (H)
melting wax in clay casting (cire-perdu)(H)
2686 ZBC oser rulkes Egypt (3rd dynasty) (K3)
2613 BC Sneferu, Cheo[s, Chephren, Mycerinus rule Egypt (4th dynasty) (K3)
2500 BC
bronze sickles (H)
seed drills in Babylonia (H)
animal and vegtable dyes (H)
writing on papyrus (H)
skis used in Skandinavia (where specific?) (H)
silver sheet metal objects (H)
Indus Valley civilization Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (H)
2494 BC Sahure, Niuserre, Unas (5th dynasty) rule egypt (K3)
2345 BC Teti, Pepi (6th dynasty) rule egypt (K3)
2300 BC Sumerian humans under rule of Sargon the Great, a semite human. Sargon unites Sumer wth northern half of mesopotama. Ruled from Agade, built in South central Mesopotamia called Akkad. The language used from this time on in Mesopotamia is called "Akkadian".
2181 BC Memphite king humans rule egypt (7th and 8th families) (K3)
2160 BC Herakleopolitan king humans rule egypt (9 and 10th families) (K3)
2134 Theban king humans rule egypt (11th family) (K3)
2134 BC - 1786 BC middle egyptian language used, decribes from egyptin scribe humans as "classic stage" of egyptin language, was used until Roman rule. used for religious texts, narrative (?), poetry, business documents. eventually reserved for historical and religious inscriptions on stone or papyrus. revived/used again in Greco-Roman period for temple inscriptions, in crytic/decorative script called ptolemaic. (K47)
2040 Theban king humans rule all of egypt (family 12) (K3)
2000 BC
cotton grown in Indus Valley (H)
kaolin clays use in China (H)
horse pulled vehicles (H)
Stonehenge (H)
horses used by people in Asian steppes (H)
copper sulphide ores smelted (melted and purified?) (H)
vellum in Egypt (H)
people in Phoenicia dominate Mediterranean trade (H)
shaduf (?) (H)
spoked wheels (H)
2000 BC "hieratic" symbol set in rgypt is distinct from hieroglyghs. (K39)
1842-1797 BC proto-semitic alphabet made in turquose mines probably by Semitic humans (see 1917 AD Gardiner). This alphabet is thought to have replaced cuneiform, and may be root of all other alphabets. [although cuneiform A is identical to current letter A - look in to this more tph] (K30)
1800 BC earliest version of Canaanite alphabet thought to be developed at this time (K30)
1786 BC Hyksos king humans (families 13-17) rule egypt (K4)
1700 spoked (wood?) wheel reaches egypt from asia - two wheeled chariot (as seen in image of tutankhamun) (B)
1650 BC Ahmose - scribed in egypt, name is on math "papyri?" headed "directions for attaining knowledge of all dark things" (now in British Museum) (F)
1551 Start of "New Kingdom", Amenophis, Tuthmosis, Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun rule egypt (family 18) (K4)
"u" sound (like "cup", "run") is used for first time in Rome
"i" sound (like "dig", "is") is used some where on earth at some time for first time
1500 BC
paddy field rice grown in china (H)
Corn (maize) grown in America (middle?) (H)
Li cooking pot in China (H)
beehive tomb at Mynae (H)
simple pulleys used in Assyria (H)
composite bows (H)
iron worked by Chalybes (H)
first all phonetic language and alphabet
sundial clock in Egypt (H)
reed boats in Peru (H)
1310 BC Seti, Ramesses 2 (family 19) rule egypt (K4)
1300 - 715 BC Late egyptian language is in use. syntax (words used?), grammer (order of words) and vocabulary (words used) are different from middle egyptian, colloquialisms (?)are used. (K47)
1200 events in Homer? Illiad, Odyssey (peloponesian war?)
1200 (12 tribes of israel+1 wandering Samuel in Shiloh appoints King Saul fear of Philistines) Hebrew language spoken and written, Samuel appoints David, Saul dies, David is in Judah tribe - most large of tribes, son of Saul Ishbaal was killed, David takes Jerusalem from Jebusites thru vertical well. David selects Solomon as next king. After Death of David, Solomon has human kill brother Adonijah. Solomon builds temple in Jerusalem with Ark (2 stones with 10 commandments - puts ark in holy of holy room), Solomon makes humans in north (israel) donate month of required free labor - missi^m, (A)
iron tipped plough (H)
Locks and keys in Egypt (H)
Greek penteconter (?) (H)
Assyrian-Median wall (H)
mixtures of objects that can burn [incendiary mixtres] (?) (H)
use of iron spreads (?) (H)
two piece mould casting (H)
Collapse of Hittite Empire (H)
1198 Ramesses 3-11 (family 20) rule egypt (K4)
1087 BC Psussenes in Tanis, priest-king humans in Thebes (family 21) rule egypt (K4)
1000 BC
chain of buckets water wheel (H)
looped knitting (H)
Phoenician bireme (?) (H)
trireme (?) (H)
wood cutting lathe (H)
cranes and complex pulleys (H)
tin mining in Cornwall (H)
Greek city states (H)
demotic script (H)
1000 BC at this time relious text on papyrus written in hieratic (noy hieroglyph) [also on stone? tph] (K39)
945 BC Sheshonq in Bubastis (family 22) rule egypt (K4)
~922 BC son of Solomon Rehoboam, chief human of missim stoned to death, Jeroboam made king of Israel - Israel and Judah under 2 king humans, Jeroboam makes a temple in Dan and Beth-El makes gold calves (young bull) kingdom of israel lasts 200 years (A)
900 Homer (or other human) records events of 1200
8?? Greek humans copy phonetic/alphabet language from phoenician humans. Phoenician humans using variation of letters/writing used at this time by Semite humans iof Syria-Palestine, Canaanite writing. (alef=ox, beth=house, gimel=camel,daleth=door,...) made alpha, beta, gamma, delta, ... from the canaanite, the semitic alphabets hebrew and arabic are descended. (K29-30)
848-842 king Jehoram (848-842 J part of old testiment made ) (A)
(922-722 E part made by male human of Levi group in israel, describes Moses as saying no "molten idols") (A)
819 BC Libyan king humans in Tnis rule egypt (K4)
728 BC Saite king humamns (family 24) rule egypt (K4)
722bc assyrian destroy israel - could not take jerusalem (judea?) (A)
Sennacherib (king of assyria) prism inscription (in Akkadian - popular language of Mesopotamia, in cuneiform script, now in British museum) of attack (A)
City of David archeological group indicates increase in jerusalem population (humans from israel moving to judea) (A)
J and E texts combined (A)
716 BC Ethiopian king humans (Taharqa) (family 25) rule egypt (K4)
715-687 king Hezekiah - centralizes religion in jerusalem, P part of old testiment is made and is pro Aaron group as alternate to J/E bibles(A)
700 BC "Demotic" symbol set, a short hand, very rapid, abbreviated form of hieratic is in use, looks like series of "agitated commas", replaces hieratic. (K39)
664-525 Saite king humans (Psammeticus) (family 26) rule egypt (K4)
640 Josiah is king human in Judah (A)
640 Thales born (Miletus 640-548)
624-546 Thales (624 BC Miletus - 548 BC Miletus) measured pyramid by comparing shadows with stick shadow, aristotle wrote text on thales, olive press, plato also, ...more legend than true, thales viewed as first of "7 wise men", thought the universe was water (F) Thales explained universe with out god hypothesis/explanation (G)
622 Josiah is told by Hilkiah of scroll (Deuteronomy - made by Jeremiah or scribe human Baruk see photo of found clay stamp in israel museum) (A)
610 BC Anaximander born (610 BC Miletus - 546 BC Miletus) (anaximandros) friend and student of Thales introduced science of ancient east to greece, made use of sundial - known for centuries in egypt and babylonia, first to draw map of whole earth, recognized that star appeared to orbit pole star, viewed sky as complete sphere not semisphere, spheres popular in astronomy, thought earth was curved to explain change in position of stars, thought earth was cylinder (only curved in 1 dimension), had more abstract idea of universe compared with thales, thought life originated in water, first treatise (paper?) lost (F)
friend and colleague of Thales, Anaximander thought life evoled from fish (G)
Wheel - made of wood
salt trade established (H)
Nile-Red Sea canal (H)
magnetic compass (H)
phonetian people trade on mediterraenan - make phonetic alphabet
609 BC Josiah dies (A)
??? Babylonian human end assyrian empire (A)
??? Nebuchadnezzar puts Zedekiah (son of Josiah) as king, after 11 years rebels, kills humans made by Zedekiah in front of Zedekiah and is made blind (A)
??? Nebuchadnezzar puts Gedaliah as governmer of Judah, Gedaliah is killed by human related to family of David. (A)
587 Nebuchadnezzar captures and burns Jerusalem (ark/two stone tablets is lost) (A)
May 8, 585 BC eclipse of sun. Herodotus wrote that Thales predicted eclipse of sun, (on May 8, 585 bc) (Babylon humans had predicted lunar eclipse 200 years before),
~582 BC Pythagarus born, (~582 BC Samos - ), traveled widely in egypt and east (arabia, india, china?,) learned from (under) anaximader (and possibly thales),
?? (Jeremiah (or some human) adds changes to Deuteronomy to reflect fall of Jerusalem from egypt?) (A)
~570 BC Anaximenes born (~570 BC Miletus - ~500BC), possible pupil of Anaximander, thought air to be fundamental element of universe. by compression air turns to water and then earth. First to distinguish clearly between planets and stars. [planet = wanderer from (G) origin of word?] Thought rainbow was natural phenomenon, not a goddess. (F)
Anaximenes (Miletus) student of anaxim..
~570 BC Xenophanes born (~570 BC - ~480 BC), learned from pythagarus, left ionia for southern italy, (town of elea).was less mystical wrote of pythagarus school, did not believe in transmigrartion of souls, or in primitive greek gods, but in a mono theism rare to greek thought, that seashells found on mountain tops reasoned that earth changed over time. thought mountains must have been under sea and then rose, (not until Hutton founded geology) (F)
550 bc Xenophanes
~550 BC Hecataeus born (~550 BC Miletus-476 BC) continued tradition of Thales, traveled thru persian empire, made book on egypt and asia that has never been found, in egypt egyptian humans showed records going back hundreds of generations, continued work of anaximander, trying to map earth. rationalised history and geography. wrote first account of humans that did not accept gods and myths at face value. had skeptikal and scornful view of myths. (books and human) was undoubtably inspiration for herodotus. (F)
[Herakleitos (Ephesus) critisism of prevailing beliefs]
~540 BC Heraclitus born (~540 BC Ephesus 30 mi north of Miletus, ~540 bc - ~475 bc) Only fragments of text by Heraclitus have been found, pessimistic view led to Herkleitos being called "weeping philosopher". only unchanging fact is that change is certain, thought could be different sun each day, thought fire fundamental element of universe. (F)
~540 Parmenides born (~540 BC Elia (now Velia), Italy - ??) followed ionian exiled Pythag and Xenophanes, first human native to italy. opposed view of heraclitus, one object can not turn in to other object fundamentally different. argued that creation (something from nothing) and destruction (nothing from something) were impossible. Chose reason over senses, felt senses are untrustworthy. This was basis of "Eliatic School" that Parmenides founded, with most recognized person Zeno, makes distrust of senses to describe set of paradoxes. plato entitled one dialog "parmenides", and this text describes the meeting of an older parmenides and a young (age?) Socrates. this date must have been ~450 bc. this may have been a plato fiction.(F)
538 persians conquer babylonian, egypt and all in between, cyrus the great was ruler human, allows jewish humans to return yp judah and make new temple
Philolaos
~530 BC Hanno born, (~530 BC Carthage near now called Tunis - ???), Cathaginians were branch of phoenicians, were good at navigating and exploring with ships. Only a dim tale of Hanno explorations down African coast have been found. Herodotus (greek history human) describes the voyage and declares that Hanno claimed to have circumnavigated Africa. Herodotus expresses doubts because cathigian humans reported that in the far south the sun at noon was in the nothern half of the sky, which Herodotus thought to be impossible. This is infact true and doubtful hat any body would make up such a story. Funny that the point that makes Herodotus doubt is the point that confirms current/later explanation. [proof that fair unbiased telling of stories and alleged facts is better than dismissing or excluding these stories - the more info = more good approach. I suppose the same thing is seen on land at the equator in Africa TPH] Hanno may have been first human to sail over equator.
??? Herodotus, strabo, and diodorus had all ben in egypt and thought hieroglyphs a form o picture writing. (K16)
530 BC Eupalinus (Megara 20 mi west of athens) builds water system in Megara.employed by polycrates of samos to build aquaduct (or path for water). eupalinus ordered? human to tunnel thru a hill for half a mile. started at both ends and 2 halves met only off by 2-3? feet. (F)
Theodorus (?-?, Samos)- credited with inventing the key (and lock?), bronze casting (must have copied, or independent?) (lathe?) (g)
529 BC Pythagarus leaves samos to Croton in south italy, because (perhaps) of harsh rule of Polycrates. in croton pythagarus broke with rationalism tradition of east-greek and founded group marked by secrecy, (ascetism [nothing new there for religion -tph]), and mysticism. forbade, for example, poking fire wih iron poker, and eating of beans (tph- pythagarus vegetarian?). taught transmigration of souls. interest in math and astronomy. became popular later in pythag life, found in aristocrat. democrat humans gain popularity in southern italy and pythagarus persecuted and exiled 10 years before death. group lasted for only 100 years after death. because of political activity [influence in gov decisions?] brought violent wave of persecution that spread over greek parts of earth, by 350 bc pythagareanism was no more, pythag thought to have made ord "philosopher". because of secrecy difficult to tell what came from pythag and others (like philolaus). found strings of muhsical instruments made higher pitch sound when made more short. found pitch related to length. twice length= 1 octave lower. 3:2 = fifth, 4:3 = fourth. also increasing tension raised pitch. pythagarus thought whole universe is based on numbers. p and group found that the square root of 2 can not be expressed as a ratio of two numbers. pythagarian humans decided to keep secret "irrational numbers". story of one human killed for not keeping secret (perhaps spread by humans that did not like pythag). by mathematical deduction pythag shows that square of hypotenuse = sum of squares of length of both sides of triangle. still called pythagorean theorem. First to recognize that morning star (phosphorus) and evening star (hesperus) are same star, after this time star is called "Aphrodite" (now called "Venus"). first to write that the orbit of earth moon is not in plane of earth equator but at an angle to that plane. first to teach that earth is spherical (sphere?). first to teach that the sun, moon, and planets did not follow motion of stars, but each had path of own. this made the idea that besides sphere made by anaximander, separate spheres had to be made for planets, lasted until Kepler. (F)
Pythagarus first to say earth is a sphere (G)
525 BC-404BC Persian domination of egypt (Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes) (K4)
516 second temple built no ark, cherubs, or urim and thummin used by priest to obtain oracles (A)
500 BC
Archimedian screw for irigation (H)
magnetic compass world map (H)
Parthenon built (H)
iron reinforced buildings (H)
Sinjerli concentric fortress (H)
cross-bows (H)
Chinese bronze and copper-nickel alloys (H)
500 BC Darius the Great, king of Persia, orders 1,306 line text (inscription) carved in mountain in Behistan, Iran. Text is in 3 languages, Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian. (later used in 1800s to translate cuneiform) (K33-34)
499 BC Hecataeus opposed revolt of greek cities of asia minor against Darius 1 of Persia in 499 bc. advice not followed and revolt was supressed, scientific leadership of greek cities of asia minor that had lasted 150 years ends.(F)
458 bc Ezra moves from babylon to Judah. Aaron related priest human, brings torah of Moses (complete as is now with JE,D and P together put together perhaps by Ezra) and letter from Artaxerxes giving Ezra authority to teach and enforce laws of torah, Ezra shares leadership with Nehemiah also appointed by persian emperor (A)
~450 BC Zeno born (Elea now Velia south italy) - ???, chief of eliatic school (from elea) lived in athens may have taught pericles. according to one argument was on wrong side of political debate and was executed. eliatic humans taught senses not useful (denial of senses?) for attaining (getting/finding?) truth. Zeno made 4 paradoxes that were supposed to disprove the possiblity of motion as sensed. most popular is achilles and tortoise, if achilles moves 10 times the speed of a tortoise, and the tortoise is 10 yards (other measure) in front, achilles will never catch the toroise because when achil goes 10 yards, the tort has moved 1 yard. when achil moves that 1 yard, the tort has moved 1/10 yard. This was supposed to be a paradox because human senses view a fast human overtaking a slow human, so the human senses must be false. Although based on errors, the paradoxes stimulated humans like Aristotle, for example, that gave arguments against the paradoxes. Zeno bases paradoxes on idea that space and time are infinitely divisible, this encouraged humans like Democritus, by searching for indivisible objects and reaching the conclusion of atoms. This view did not win popularity until 2200 years later with Dalton, according to Asimov Planck continued this idea more with the ultimate particles of energy [not bad for the asimov tph]. 2100 years later James Gregory showed that converging series exist where infinite number of terms (perhaps against first thought) added to a finite sum. Not until Newton and the Newton invention of calculus were methods of handling infinitly divisible made. Zeon of elea is some times confused with Zeno of Citium that founded Stoic school 200 years later.
~500 BC Anaxagarus born (~500 BC Clazomenae/ Klazomenai 75 mi north of Miletus - ~428 BC (Lampsacus now Lapseki Turkey)). traveled , said to have learned under Anaximenes, but more likely anaximenes sure to have been dead by the time anaxag was born.
~500bc Alcmaeon (aLKmEoN) born (~500 BC croton, italy - ???). Alcmaeon was born and lived during the height of Pythagarus influence, and was pythagorean. thought the human body was a microcosm, reflecting the macrocosm (universe). FIrst human known to have conducted dissections of human body. recorded existence of optic nerve and tube connecting ear and mouth (now called eustachian tubes) named from eustachio a person that rediscovered these tubes 2000 years later. Alcmeaon distinguished arteries from veins, but did not recognize these (both?) as blood vessels, because in dead people the veins are empty (?). Thought brain was center of intellectual activity and so did Democritus and Hippocrates two generations later. This view was not accepted by Aristotle and was not popular until now. (F)
~490 bc Leucippus (LYUSiPuS) born (~490 BC (Miletus)-???) if did live, was final part of science/reason in asia minor before destruction of coastal cities by humans from persia. invented atomism, taught democritus, and was first to say that every event has a natural cause. (F)
[possible origin of name "Lucifer" for christian devil? to make a negative impression for people interested in science, to make less popular the more natural logical idea of a universe of atoms tph]
~490 bc Empedocles born (~490 akragas (now agrigento), sicily - mount etna (?) ~430 bc) Empedocles did not hestitate to be involved in politics and helped to overthrow a tyranny in akragas, when offered the job of tyrant, emp refused because wanted more time for philosophy. influenced by pythag, showed some amount of mysticism, did not object to being called a prophet, miracle-worker, and was thought to bring dead humans back to life. said on one day he would be tsaken up to heaven and made a god, on that day he is supposed to have jumped into the crator of mount etna, although some people say he died in greece. thought heart was the center of the blood vessel system (true), and seat of life (center of movement/thought, etc..?). thought some creatures (other species) not adapted to life has died in the past. combined views of the schools of asia minor. basic element of universe (thales=water, anaximenes=air, heraclitus=fire, xenophanes=earth), emp put all 4 together to say that all things are made of a combination of al 4 things. objects formed and broke apart by forces similar to the human "love" and "strife", this idea was taken by aristotle, improved and remained basis for chemistry for more than 2000 years. [basis of 4 elements? tph] (F) Empedicles was first to discover air, [word "impedes" tph] by trying to fill a ? by holding thumb on hole.(G)
480 Philolaus born (~480 BC Tarentum or croton -???), most recognized in pythagorian school after pythag. first to print? pythagorian views and make available to any people (the public). because of persecutions, philolaus had temporarily move to thebes (greek mainland). accord to asimov, some mystical people made shrewd or lucky guesses, for philolaus one of these guesses was that the earth was not center of universe but moved thru space. the earth, moon, other planets and sun circled a great fire in separate spheres, and the sun was only a reflection of this fire. instead of 9 spheres philolaus made 10 (10 was viewed as special 1+2+3+4=10). This was the first recorded idea that the earth moves thru space, when Copernicus claimed that the earth and planets move circling the sun, some people labeled this "Pythagorean heresy". Thought that the spheres of the planets made celestial music as they turned, persisted even to time of Kepler.(F)
~470 BC Democritus born (~470 BC Abdera, thrace -~ 380 BC) traveled in egypt, settled in greece. learned rationist view from teacher leucippus of miletus (like thales). Like all the early rationist people some ideas have a modern sound. Thought that the milky way was a vast group of tiny stars. most accurate of greek natural philosopher humans, but he lived in the shadow of socrates, that rejected the universe as defined by democritus. None of the 72 books has ever been found, humans only have records of democritus from other people (often unfriendly). Widely called the "laughing philosopher", because either his view was cheerful, or because he laughed at the adventures of humans [tph possibly becausae he laughed more often than most people?]. thought all matter made of tiny particles, infitesimly small, so small that nothing else smaller was possible and therefore indivisible. the word "atom" translates to indivisible. The atoms, according to democritus are eternal, unchangable and indestructqble. besides the atom, only the space between the atoms exists according to democritus. even the human mind and the gods (if any) were made of combinations of atoms. Each atom was different and explained the various properties of substances. atoms of water were smooth and round so water flowed and had no shape. the atoms of fire were thorny ehich made burns painful, atoms of earth rough and jagged so they held together to form a hard substance (?). changes in nature and matter were explained as separating and joinging of atoms. these views are similar to anaximander. Explained the motions of atoms as based on natural laws not on wants of gods or demons. One of the first mechanist people, saw universe as a mindless and determinate as a machine. the creation of the universe was the result of swirling motions set up in great numbers of atoms, forming worlds (planets?). The ancient philospher humans chose to follow socrates rather than democritus. Epicurus 100 years later made use of/taught atomism. (F) Democritus thought that many worlds were born and died, democritus argued by cutting an apple, that some material could not be cut/divided. democritus critisized aristotle accepting slavory as moral (G)
~470 BC Socrates born (~470 BC Athens - 399 BC Athens), no writting of socrates have ever been found, all that exist are reports from other people. These reports describe a human short, stout with a broad face, prominent eyes, wide pug nose. won nearly every body over with his good humor, wit and interest in conversation. fearless in verbal battle. neither an armed person or humans in athenian government could make him act against his will. interested only in a quest for knowledge, socrates lived and was happy in poverty, scorned luxury. bad tempered (angry - or also argued? tph) female human (wife) Xanthippe, gave birth to 3 humans by Socrates, none that did any thing special. [questioned casually accepted traditions? tph] (humans in? tph) oracle of delphi declared Socrates wisest of greeks, socrates said that if wisest, was because he alone knew that he knew nothing. angered people by proving people wrong. trained in rational science of asia minor, perhaps being taught by anaxagorus, or a person taught by anaxag, questioned the importance of knowledge of the universe. far more interested in ethics, more interesed in virtue than of planets. this had a profound effect on science. surprising that the greek people failed in science after such an excellent start with thales, having the guesses of democritus, eratosthenes, aristarchus and archimedes. there are other factors, but one cause was the popularity of the views of socrates (sagan says these views came from pythagorus). the largest part of greek wisdom was focused into the field of moral philosophy, while natural philosophy (now called science) became less popular. (F)
462 bc Anaxagarus moved to athens from asia minor (turkey). athens at peak of golden age(how so ?) anaxag viewed as last of ionians, carried tradition of Thales to Athens (as Pythag has to Italy). anaxag was rationalist (not mysticism lke pythag). Anaxagarus explained accurately phases of moon, and both eclipses of moon and sun in terms of movements of these bodies. Anaxag thought universe originated not by diety but thru the action of abstract mind on an infinite number of "seeds". seeds that were a form of atoms simultaneusly thought of by Leucippos. Anaxag "heavenly" boidies - planets, stars were brought in to existence by the same processes that formed the earth and made of the same materials.
468 BC a stony meteroite falls on the north shore of the aegean. May have contributed Anaxagarus to think planets, stars, and earth made of same materials . the stars and planets are flaming rocks, the sun, Anaxag thought to be an incandescent rock the size of the peloponnesus (size of massachussetts). Thought moon was like earth and might be inhabited. Taught in athens for 30 years, and school formed? by anaxag starting the scholarly tradition that lasted for 1000 years. the people in athen were not ready to accept anaxag rationalism (similar to pythag with mysticism), anaxagarus was accused of impiety and atheism, brought to trial, the first human to have had legal conflict with a state religion. anaxag was a friend of the most respected people in athens, inluding euripides (plays), even pericles, but this friendship was not good, because people that did not like pericles, but could not strike at the uncrowned king, attempted to hurt pericles thru friend anaxagarus. pericles faced people in court in defense of anaxag, and Anaxagarus was freed (not like socrates a generation later). viewing athens as not safe, in 434 bc retired to lampsacus and died 6 years later. Meton continued astronomical research/study/learning in athens, but popular people in athens turned from natural philosophy to moral philosophy. (F) Thought the moon was a place like the earth, (the prevailing view was that the moon and sun were gods) and the sun a red hot stone, for this anaxagarus was condemned and convicted of "impiety", this was the first recorded event of a human punished for their ideas. (G)
460 bc Hippocrates (460 BC (cos)-~370bc larissa (now larisa), thessaly) difficult to decide what is fact, but hip was born of a family in a hereditary guild of magician humans on isle of cos, described to be descended from Asklepios, the greek god of medicine. Visited egypt early in life, there studied medical works credited to imhotep. some people claim that he was a student human of democritus. taught in athens (and other places), eventually founded a school of medicine on Cos that was the most rational of the time. Recognized as the father of medicine, although other people (like alcmaeon had practiced healing and were as asimov says students of the human body). 50 books, called hippocratic collection credited to him, but more likely collected works of several generations of his school, brought together in alexandria in 200-300 bc. the books contain a high order of rationism, careful observation, and good conduct. "desparate diseases require desperate remedies", "one man's meat is another man's poison" were both memorable quotes from text. the people in the school taught moderation of diet, cleanliness and rest for sick or wounded (also clenliness for physician human), that the physician human should interfere as little as possible in the healing process of nature (excellent advice for the amount of info learned at that time). disease was viewed as a physical phenom, not credited to arrows of apollo, or possession by demons. for example, epilepsy, was thought to be a sacred disease, because the human appeared to be in the grip of a god or demon, but in this school epilepsy was described as being caused by natural causes and thought to be curable by physical remedies, not by exorcism. for the most part, disease was thought to be the result of an imbalance of the vital fluids ("humors") of the body, an idea first advanced by empedocles. These were listed as four: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. humans that graduate with a "medical" degree must still repeat the oath credited to Hippocrates (although stupid to have to repeat, and few if any actually follow this advice in particul in psychiatric hostpials). A statue found on Cos in 1933 is thought to be of Hippocrates. (F)
432 Meton (~440BC Athens - ???) finds that 235 lunar months (moon rotations of earth) were close to 19 earth years (19 earth rotations of star). So if there were 12 years of 12 lunar months, and 7 years of 13 lunar months, every 19 years the lunar calendar would match the seasons. this is called the Metonic cycle (although probably recognized by astonomy humas in babylonia before this time). the greek calendar was base don the metonic cycle (check 13 months? tph) until 46 BC when the Julian calendar was made by Julius Caesar with help of Sosigenes. Jewish humans have kept the greek calendar and so the metonic cycle is used now for religious puposes, in christianity the date of easter is also calculated using the metonic cycle. (F)
~427 BC Plato (~427BC Athens - 347 BC Athens). Athethian aristocrat human (came from wealth? tph) original name was "Aristocles", but got nick name "Platon" (meaning "broad") because of his broad shoulders. (Cicero also was a nick name). Plato was in "war service" (tph military?) and was interested in politics, but was not interested in athenian democracy. (F)
409 BC Plato became student human of socrates.
~408 (Eudoxus ~408 BC Cnidus (now turkish coast) - ~355 bc cnidus). was at acadamy, made school in cyzicus on nw coast of turkey. visited plato. first greek human to realize that the year was not exactly 265 days, but 6 hours more. egyptian humans already were aware of this. possibly got the idea from egypt. first to try to save appearances of plato theory of planets moving on spheres. drew a map of earth better than map of hecataeus. first greek human to try to map stars. divided sky in to degrees of latitude and longitude, a system eventually applied to the earth. (f)
404 BC - 378 BC Last native king humans in egypt (family 28 and 29) (K4)
399 BC Socrates brought to trial for atheism, treason, and corrupting the young. few greek intellectual humans including socrates did not think gods existed, soc never approved of democracy, some student humans, notably Alcibiades and Critias actively tried to cause problems with the democratic gov (were treason? tph). other student humans like xenophon and plato were anti democratic and pro spartan. Socrates goaded (?) the 500 humans on the jury that voted for a death sentence 280 to 220. 1 month after sentence (could have escaped), drank hemlock (and water?). was 70 years old and had lived a good life in his own view. (F)
The execution of Socrates by the democrat human was upsetting to Plato. Plato left Athens saying until "kings were philosphers or philosophers were kings" nothing would be good on earth. (Plato traced his descent from earlier kings of Athens and perhaps had himself in mind). For several years, he visited the greek cities in africa and italy.
388 BC Heracleides (388BC- )- learned in Platos academy. wrote on astronomy and geometry. thought earth possibly rotated. heracleides thought that mercury and venus rotated the sun (although still had earth at center of universe). Aristarchus took this idea, but hipparchus support for earth centered was more popular. (f)
387 BC Plato returned to athens. (on the way to athens, plato is supposed to have been captured by pirates and held for ransom). in athens plato founded a school (in the western suburbs) on a piece of land once owned by a legendary greek human named "Academus" and came to be called The Academy (and this word has been used since then to describe schools). Plato stayed at the academy for the rest of his life, except for 2 years in the 360s, when he visited Syracuse, the main city of greek Sicily, to tutor the new king Dionysius II. Dionysius II (appeared brutal) and Plato did not get along (why? tph), and Plato returned safely to Athens. supposed to have died in his sleep at the age of 80 after attending a wedding feast of a student human. Writing credited to Plato are consistently popular and are of a series of dialogues between Socrates and others. Most of what is known of socrates is from these texts. like socrates, plato was mainly interested in moral philosophy and hated natural philosophy (science). To Plato, knowledge had no practical purpose. Plato liked mathematics, perhaps because the perfection of math, the loftiest form of pure thought, was different from the reality of the universe (viewed as "gross" and imperfect). Above the main doorway to the academy were the words (I am guessing in greek -tph) "Let no one ignorent of mathematics enter here." Plato did think that math could be applied to the universe. The planets, he thought, exhibited perfect geometric form. This is in Timaeus. He describes the 5 and only 5 perfect solids, those objects with equal faces, lines and angles. (4 sided tetrahedron, six sided hexahedron (or cube), 8 sided octahedron, 12 sided dodecahedron, and 20 sided icosahedron. 4 of the 5 represented the 4 elements, while the dodecahdron represented the whole universe. These solids were first discovered by the pythagorean people. [Plato thought the planets were spheres and moved in circles along the crystalline spheres that held them in place]. The idea that the universe must reflect the perfection of abstract mathematics were most popular until Kepler, even though compromises with reality had to be made constantly, beginning after the death of Plato with Eudoxus and Callippus. [possible that this view was simply incorrect, and no better idea from aristarcos was explained? tph] In Timaeus, Plato invented a moralistic story of a completely fictional land called "Atlantis". This legend has had unending popularity and has persisted to now. One Aegean island exploded vocanically in 1400 BC may have given rise to this story. The views of Plato had a strong influence on Christian people until the 1200s when Aristotle gained more popularity. (F) Plato and his followed separated the earth from the "heavens" (rest of universe), plato taught contempt for the real world and disdain for the practical application of science. Plato served tyrants, and taught the separation of the body from the mind, a natural enough idea in a slave society. (G)
~384 Aristotle - father was court physician to king amyntas II. joined Plato academy. plato called aristotle the "intelligence" of the school. studied biology and natural history. (f)
378 BC - 341 BC family 30 rules egypt (K4)
Theophrastus (~372 BC Eresus, Lesbos - 287 Athens) studied under Plato at academy at earlier than average age.
Callippus (~370 BC Cyzicus - ~ 300BC) studied under Eudoxus changed 26 spheres to 34.(f)
Dicaearchus (DISEoRKuS) (~355 BC - ~285 BC) went to Athens, learned at Lyceum under Aristotle, became friend of Theophrastus.wrote history of greece, and a geography that described earth in words and maps, estimated heights of greek mountains. Gained data from travels of Alexander. Drew a line of latitude from east to west on maps, mrking that all points on line saw the sun at noon on any day at an equal angle from the zenith (or highest point the sun appears to reached). (f)
Praxagoras (~350 Cos - ???) supposed to have taught Herophilus, and strong defender of theories of Hippocrates. Distinguished between veins and arteries, recognizing 2 kinds of blood vessels (some credit this to Alcmaeon). Thought arteries carried air (arteries named for that opinion), thought arteries led in to smaller vessels (true) that turned in to nerves (false). Noted physical connection between brain and spinal chord. (f)
347 BC Plato dies. Heracleides left in charge of Academy. aristotle leaves the school. (f)
Aristotle meets Theophrastus in Lesbos, lifelog friendship is started. Aristotle gives nickname "Theophrastus" (divine speech), Theophrastus real name was Tyrtamus. (f)
342 BC Aristotle called to Macedon. son of amyntas II, Phillip II was king of macedon, and king wanted aristotle back in court to teach 14 year old son Alexander. (F)
341 BC - 332 BC family 31 Dariuus 3 (from Persia) rules egyupt (K4)
336 BC Phillip II killed. Aristotle moves back to Athens, Alexander III starts to take over persian empire. aristotle send nephew Callisthenes. (F)
Aristotle founds school called Lyceum, because aristotle lectured in a hall near temple to Apollo Lykaios (apollo, wolf god), also called "peripatetic school" because aristotle some times lectured while walking thru gardens of school. made early university library of manuscripts (papyri?). founded science of logic. classified 500 species, dissected nearly 50. interested in sea life, found dolphins born alive and nourished by placenta. No fish had placenta but mammals do, aristotle classified dolphin with species of the field, not with fish. also studied viviparous sharks, born with no placenta. Noted torpedo fish stun other fish (with electrons). wrong in denying sex to plants. studied embryo of chicken, and stomach of cow. thoght heart was center of life and thought brain only a cooling organ for blood. accepted spheres of eudoxus and callipus and added to make 54 spheres. thought spheres were real where eudox probably thought were imaginary. accepted 4 elements of empedocles but only on earth, added 5th element of "aether" for heavens.agreed with pythag people that laws of heavens and earth were separate. thought heavier object would fall faster than lighter object (this is commonly rejected because Galileo said that all object fall at the same velocity - armstrong? On the earth moon dropped a feather and rock? - but I think that an object with more atoms has a more large velocity (force from gravity) because f=m1m2/r^2, although s=1/2at^2 + vt, v=at show that amount of matter has nothing to do with calculating future distance, or velocity of any object. I am thinking of the idea that if two moons are put the same distance from a planet, the moon with more matter will have more velocity (from force of gravity) tph). rejected democritus atoms, dooming that idea for thousands of years, although agreed with pythag that earth was sphere. Founded zoology. thought sound travelled as impacts inair and could not exist without air. (f)
Kiddinu (340 bc babylonia - ???), head of astronomical school in Sippar (Babylonia), worked out (?) precesion of equinoxes [explain what is], making more easy work for hipparchus. made complicated method tof expressing movement of moon and planets, differing from view that these objects must move at constant velocity. (reference by strabo and pliny)
Strato STrATO (340 bc lampsacus - 270 bc athens) born 200 years after anaxagarus, studies at lyceum, travelled to alexandria, possibly tutored son of Ptolomy I (Macedonian general made king of egypt) there.
332BC - 30 BC family 32 Alexander the great, ptolemy, cleopatra rule egypt. (K5)
332 BC The greek humans speak greek in egypt, but the local humans speak "coptic" a form of the egyptian language (the same language spoken by ancestors, the language on all pyramids, temples and tombs in egypt). "Copt" is from greek "Aiguptos" (egypt). originally "copt" was used to describe a native human of egypt, eventually used to refer to christian humans in egypt in 1500s AD. (K47)
327 BC Callisthenes (aristotle nephew) is killed at Alexanders order. (F)
323 BC Alexander (the great) dies in Babylon, causing Aristotle in athens to fear accusations of "impiety" caused by anti macedonian humans in athens. Saying he would not allow Athens to "sin twice against philosophy", he retired to Chalcis, where mother had lived. Humans that were generals fought among them selves to divide the newly conquered/owned/governed? land/space (and people). Ptolomy (305-285 bc) takes Egypt and makes capital Alexandria. Line of kings last 250 years ending with Cleopatra. Ptolomy and humans that followed supported science, wanted and suceeded in making Alexandria the intellectual capital of earth. Ptolomy had a library, university called "the museum" because it was a kind of temple to the muses, the goddesses of science and arts.(f)
Euclid (325 BC - ??) is one of first people to be attracted to school/university in alexandria.
Euclid makes scroll called "Elements" (went thru more than 1000 editions after invention of printing) compiling all the accumulated wisdom since the time when Thales lived (250 years). euclid starts with axioms and postulates, then adds theorems. the only theorem credited to euclid with most certainty is the proof for the pythagorean theorem. book has geometry, ratio, proportion, number theory. proves number of primes infinite, square root of 2 irrational, showed light rays as straight lines. Ptolomy studying geometry asks euclid if demonstrations could be made more easy to follow, euclid says "there is no royal road to geometry". the whole equal to sum of parts, straight line shortest distance between 2 points. (f)
Theophrastus is responsible for Lyceum and cares for humans made from sperm of Aristotle. School was at peak of prosperity under Theophrastus. Described over 500 species of plants.founded botony.(F)
324 BC Aristotle dies. aristotle lectures collected in to 150 volumes (a one man encyclopedia. Only 50 have been found. (F)
323 BC Alexander the great conquers egypt (humans live in egypt and are not killed, make government to rule iver land, baiccally take land to own). greek humans call egyptian writing "hieroglyphs" hieros=sacred, glupho=sculptures, at this time hieroglyphs used only on temple walls or public monuments, understood only by priest humans. (K16)
Aristarchus [oriSToRKoS or OS] (320 bc Samos- 250 alexandria) came to alexandria (most popular for science) when younger, possibly learned from Strato. combined pythagorian view of moving earth with planets mercury and venus rotating sun.
Herophilus (~320 BC Chalcedon [now Kadikoy, Istanbul Turkey] - ???) worked in alexandria, was first anatomist human. pre christian greek humans did not object to human dissection, thinking a "soul" most important, and a dead body just a group of flesh. Herophilus did up to 600 dissections (human?) in public (where?). In egypt, human dissection was a serious impiety. particularly interested in brain, divided nerves into sensory (got sense information) and motor (those responsible for motion). described liver and spleen, described and named retina of eye, named first section of small intestine duodenum. described ovaries, and tubes leading to the ovaries from the uterus. named prostate gland. noted that arteries, not like veins, pulsate, and timed the pulsations with a water clock, but did not make connection between artery pulse and heart pulse. noted that arteries carry blood, thought blood letting had value (this focus on bleeding had a bad effect on healing for 2000 years). Erasistratus carried on work, but after alexandria school of anatomy declined. (f) herophilus was the first human to identify the brain as the seat of consciousness, not the heart (g)
306 Epicurus (341 BC Samos - 270 BC Athens) settles in Athens founds popular school and established philosophy called Epicureanism. First school to admit female humans, this shocked and interested the scholarly humans of the time. Philosophy was mechanistic and found pleasure most important human good. Epicurus thought the highest pleasure was living moderately, behaving kindly, removing the fear of the gods, and death. Later humans were more sexual? Agreed with atoms of democritus. 300 treatises (scrolls?), almost nothing has been found. (f)
Erasistratus (~304 BC Chios [now Khios, an aegean island] - 250 BC samos) trained in athens, moved to asia and was court physician human for Seleucus I, controlled major portion of what had been the Persian Empire. moved west to continue work of Herophilus in Alexandria. described brain as being divided in to larger cerebrum and smaller cerebellum, compared folds (convolutions) in brain of humans with those of other species and decided that the complexity of folds is related to intelligence. thought each organ to be connected to and fed by nerves, arteries and veins. the nerves carried "nervous spirit", arteries "animal spirit", and the vein blood. stepped backwards from herophilus in saying arteries did not carry blood. thought air was carried from lungs to heart and changed in to the "animal spirit" that was carried in the arteries. rejected humor theory popularized by hippocrates, but Galen supported this idea. possibly grandson of aristotle and learned under theophrasus. accepted atom theory. thought all body functions mechanical. thought digestion from grinding of stomach. the humans in egypt stopped dissection in alexandria not until 1500 yeras later with Mondino de Luzzi was dissection practiced again.(f)
300 BC Pytheas PitEoS (~300 BC Massalia [now Marseille France]- ???) lived in western most greek colonized city, sailed west (where everybody else in greek colonized cities moved east) thru pillars of hercules (strait of gibraltar) and up nothern coast of europe. His accounts have not been found, but he is referenced by later humans. explored island of great britain, sailed north to "thule" (possibly Norway) was stopped by fog and turned back to explore north europe sailing the Baltic sea as far as the vistula (Wisla river). following the teachings of dicaerchus he determined the latitude of Massalia by observing the sun, first to show that north star was not exactly at the pole and made a small circle in a day. observed the tides in the ocean (no tides in land surrounded mediterranean), first to explain tides as happening because of influence of moon. only 2000 years later did Newton explain attaction of moon. (f)
2?? BC Manetho, probably in temple of Sebennytos in Nile delta makes chronology of egyptian dynasties. (K6)
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Conon [KOnoN] (300 bc samos - ?? alexandria), learned from euclid, taught archimedes.
Philon (Byzanteum 300 bc - ??), like hero philon experimented with air, found that air expande with heat, perhaps made air thermometer, noticed that air was used/consumed by a burning torch in a closed vessel (?).
287 Theophrastus dies, Strato returns to athens from alexandria to be third director of the lyceum. Strato is smarter in physics and accepts democritus atom theory, did experiments. described methods of making a vacuum. thought heavier bodies fell faster than lighter, first to say in falling a body accelerated, moves more quickly with each unit of time. recognized law of lever. went farther than aristotle in saying sound is a wave motion. (f)
Archimedes (287 Syracuse, Sicily - 212 Syracuse, Sicily). son of astronomy human, asimov calls greatest in science and math before newton. learned in alexandria, decided to move back to syracuse (rare for most people in alexandria) perhaps because related to (and friends with?) king from syracuse Hieron II. Archimedes was independently wealthy and did not depend on wealth of royal humans in egypt. asked by hieron if crown from gold smith human was really all gold, or if had silver mixed. told not to damage crown. archimedes could not think of how to solve the problem until one time stepping in a bath and noted that the water overflowed. archimedes realized that the amount of water that fell out was equal to the volume of his body. If put in water, archimedes could measure volume of crown. Then measure weight of crown, and compared with equal volume of pure gold. The crown and the piece of gold with the same volume should weight the same. if the crown weighed more than the pure gold with the same volume, then the crown was not pure gold. Archimedes, excited by this realization, ran naked thru the streets of Suracvuse (although people were not as disturbed by nudity then) yelling "eurika! eurika!" (I've got it). The crown was partly silver and the goldsmith human was executed. Archimedes made use of levers (Strato was aware of the idea). Archimedes is told to have said "give me a place to stand and I can move the world". Hieron is supposed to have challanged Archimedes, and Archimedes said to have lifted a ship from a harbor on to shore. made "screw of archimedes", a screw in a cylinder that when turned moves water up and is still used to move (pump) water. made a mechanical planetarian, not proud of mechanical inventions (not common for humsans in philosophy) printed only mathematical ideas. made best estimate of pi by drawing polygons in a circle and described pi as being between 223/71 and 220/70. made system that is equivalent to exponentrial system to describe amount of sand needed to fill the universe. (f)
Eratosthenes ~276 BC Cyrene [now Shahat on Libyian coast] - 196 BC Alexandria +++
270 BC strato dies, lyceum declines, most popular in philosophy was the academy, but science was moving to alexandria. (f)
Apollonius (261 BC Perga south coast of Turkey - 190p BC Pergamum (?) 190 BC), educated at museum in Alexandria, may have learned from Archimedes, like Euclid wrote on math, makes 8 "books", 7 have been found. Therse writings include the ellipse, parabola and hyperbola, 3 shapes/curves/functions Euclid did not describe. all pf these shapes can be made by looking at a 2 dimensional piece of a cone (and were called "conic sections"). Kepler will make use of the ellipse to describe the movem,ent of planets (and comets?). Possibly thought planets went around sun, anmd sun went around earth, like ?Tycho Brahe would years later. Late in life, apollonius moves from Alexandria to Pergamum, a city in western turkey (Asia Minor) that had a library second only to Alexanmdria. (F31)
260 BC Aristarchus explains that motions of planets can be explained if all planets, including earth orbit the sun. thought that because the stars did not move, that stars are infinately far away. copernicus describes aristarchus in some text later eliminated. this sun centered explanation was not accepted by the scholar humans, and any scrolls by Archimedes have not been found yet. this sun centered theory is described by Archimedes (in "the sand rekoner"?). Aristarchus was protected from persecution, even though Cleanthes the Stoic, accused aristarchus of impiety, and thought aristarchus should be made to suffer for the impiety. when the moon is half lit, the earth, moon and sun form a right triangle. by measuring the angles of the triangle, the ratio of the lengths of the triangle can be found. Aristarchus did not make accurate measurements (at least from any text found yet) and text indicates that the sun was 20 times as far from earth as the moon, when the sun is roughly 400 times as far from the earth as the earth moon is. From seeing the shadow of plamet earth on the moon, aristarchus thought the moon is 1/3 size of earth (slightly larger than actual). Aristarchus reasoned that if the the sun was 20 times the distance of the moon, and appeared to have the same size as the moon then the sun must be 20 times the size of the moon (sun is more than 20x moon 400x?). From this aristarchus thought the smaller object should rotate the larger. (f) Aristarchus had the earth and other planets rotating the sun, with the earth rotating on its own axis once a day. (g) The angle between the sun and half moon is close to 90 degrees. (tph)
245 Ptolomy III, king of egypt, out of egypt for war, queen berenice put hair in temple of female god Aphrodite, when hair gone, conon claimed hair was in heavens naming constellation como berenices.
Eritostenes (276 BC Cyrene now Shahat, on Libyan coast - 196 BC Alexandria), friend of archimedes, made history dated from trojan war - first to try for accurate dating, called "Beta", after graduated from schools in Athens, from impressuve writings, Ptolemy 3 asked Eritostenes to be head librarian/in charge of library in Alexandria. Also tutored/taught son of Ptolemy. made "sieve of eratosthenes" a system for finding/determining prime numbers. advosed extra day every 4 years for egyptian calendar, but had to wait for Sosigenes 150 years later. made map of "known" planet from British islands to Ceylon, from Caspian Sea to ethiopia, better than any before. in astronomy measured earth axis angle with plane to seen motion of sun [star] in sky, got accurate value. (this value called "obliquity of ecliptic"). made star map of 675 stars. (F30)
240 BC Eritostenes calculates size of earth. on the day of summer solstace, the longest day of the year, the sun is directly over head in Syene (now Aswan) in southern egypt at the same time the sun, Eristostenes measure was degrees from the [perpendicular]/zenith in ALexandria. The difference is because the surface of the earth is curved and not flat. eristosthenes was aware of the distance between Syene and alexandria (Eristothenes hired a male human to pace out the distance between alexandria and syene (G)), and used this distance and the angle to calculate the diameter of the planet earth. This result was in units/measure of space called "stadia". For the most probable length of a "stadia" the number Eritosthenes got was 40,000 km *** (25,000 miles), this number is accurate. From this large number compared to the "known" earth, Eritosthenes thought the various seas formed a single interconnected ocean. This number appeared to be larger than most humans could accept, the smaller value of Poseidonius was accepted. (F30)
215 Hannibal (from Carthage a city in north africa) invades italy. Hieron II had treaty of alliance with Rome . Grandsno of Hieron II< Hieronymus ruled. Rome lost battle in Cannae. Hieronymus (wamnting to be on the winning side) switched to be allied with Carthage. roman general Marcellus leads fleet of shpis against Syracuse. 3 year war against archimedes. suppposedly archimedes made larege lens to set ships on fire. mechanical cranes to lift ships and turn them upside down, (Plutarch tells this story).
212 BC Syracuse loses to Rome. Archimedes drawing geometrical objects in the sand, when asked by Roman soldier human to go with the person, said "do not disturb my circles". The roman human, with no time for debate, killed Archimedes and went on. Marcellus, had given orders for Archimedes to be taken alive and treated with distinction (unusual for any time), mourned the death.
202 BC final victory of rome over carthage.
196 BC Eritosthenes, blind, dies of voluntary starvation [?] (F30)
1?? BC Ctesibius (TeSiBEuS), after Archimedes starts engineering tradition in Alexandria , son of a barber human, added ball/lump of lead in a pipe as a counterweight to a barver mirror (?) to make mirror more easy to raise and lower. lead in pipe made sound and ctesibius used this idea to make a musical instrument water organ. in this organ air was moved thru pipes not by a ball of lead but by water. used te weight of water and compressed air to make air powered catapult. made "clepsydra" or water clock. Water drips into a container at a constant rate raising a floating object with a pointer. no writing by ctesibius have been found, Vitruvius and Hero write of Ctesibius. (F31)
Hipparchus (Nicaea (now Iznik in NW ?Turkey) 190 BC - 120 BC) may have been educated in Alexandria. worked in Rhodes, an island in SE Aegean. used aristarchus luner eclipse method (?) and also measured paralax of earth moon. measured position of moon compared to position of stars (stars only change position in thousands of years). Hipparchus measured distance from earth to moon to be 30 times diameter of earth. parallax of other planets can only be ,easured with telescope so this distance was only distance known/learned/remembered until telescope. (F32)
Seleucus (SElYUKuS) (190BC Seleucia on the Tigres river) - ???), lived in Babylonia probably called "Chaldean" or "babylonian", but was probably part greek, lived at same time as hipparchus. supported sun centered theory of aristarchus. (F33)
134 BC Hipparchus sees "new" star in Scorpio. Decides to make first accurate star map of more than 1000 of the brighter stars, was better than maps of Eudoxus and Eratosthenes. Hipparchus uses lines/measures of latitude and longitude of Dicaearchus 150 years before to map stars. comparing current location of stars with earlier recorded locations, find s that there is a uniform shift from lwest to east, explained this with north (celestrial) pole moves in a slow circle, completing 1 cycle in 26,700 years. This results in the equinox came earlier each year and was called the "precessin of the equinoxes". Not until Copernicus was this explained as the slow "wobble" of the earth , not the movement of the stars. first to catagorize stars depending on brightness. 20 brightest stars = 1st magnitude, 6th magnitude were stars barely visible to naked eye. still in use now. Hipparchus made an earth centered system that could accurately calculate the position of planets. cpoernicus was the first human to describe the math of the sun centered system and so no sun centered math existed to calculate the location of the planets. (F33)
Poseidonius (POSiDOnEuS) (135 bc apamea, syria - 50 bc) like Pytheas thought moon caused tides, went west to tlantic ocean to study tides. calculated the largestr size for the sun (and most accurate), even larger than aristarchus. used canopus in place of sun to calculate size of earth, but got small measure (as described by strabo the only source for this data). Ptolemy accepted this lower number and this may have influenced columbus. poseidonius supported astrology. (F34)
Lucretius (LYUKRsuS) Titus Lucretius Carus (95 bc Rome - 55 BC Rome), followed epicurus, (F34)
80 BC a number of papyri(?) from aristotle is found in a pit in asia minor by male humans in army of roman general human Sulla. These were brought to Rome and copied.
75 BC Cicero, roman orator governing Silicy reports to have found grave of archimedes.
Ceasar - Cleopatra
tea grown in China (H)
silk moved and traded as far west as Rome (H)
blown glass (H)
wheelbarow in China (H)
Great Wall of China built (H)
Stone arches in China (H)
torsion artillery chain mail [armour] (H)
under flow (undershot) waterwheels (H)
Chinese stack casting (H)
Julian Calendar (H)
Latin Shorthand (H)
steel made by co-fusion (H)
56 BC Lucretius makes "book" "De Natura Rerum" (On the Nature of things). tells of mechanical Epicurean view of universe in (longer than average) poem. supported idea that all things made of atoms (influenced by Democritus). thought souls, gods made of atoms. thought gods not concerned with lives of humans. though death not to be feared, no safter life, only peaceful nothingness. first to divide human history in to stone sage, bronze age, iron age. saint jrome writes of lucretius 450 years lateer. lucretius was boldest person of this time to speak out against religion and (suoerstition/mysticism). (F35)
55 BC Rome human invade Britain (K7)
?? BC Vetruvius (ViTrUVEuS) Marcus Vitruvius Pollio makes "book" on architecture, speaks highly of greek Ctesius, also contains astronomy, acoustics (?), contruction of different kinds of sundials andwater wheels, thinks axis of earth is set in bearings. had 3 1/8 for pi, less accurate than archimedes 200 years before. (f36)
Strabo (STrABO) (63 bc amasya, pontus (75 mi south of black sea coast of turkey) - 19AD ?) travels, made 17 volumes (16 that have been found/survived) of geography based on eritosthenes (size of earth), made error changing from sphere to plane. thought homer to be accurate and did not accept better data of herodotus. recognizes that vesuvius is a volcano (erupots 50 years after strabo death). wrote long history of rome not yet found. (F36)
46 BC Julius Caesar accepts advice of Sosigenes (SoSiJinEZ) (~90BC-?) makes Julian calendar, changes calendar based on lunar month and cycle of Meton to solar calendar (like Egypt) based on 365 day years (plus a 366 day year, unlike egypt, after every three years) (f35)
30 BC Cleopatra and Antony lose to Augustus, kill selves, Egypt is under Roman rule. (K8)
30BC - 284 AD Roman rule of egypt (K5)
Celsus (SeLSuS) (10BC Rome? - ??) Aulus Cornelius Celsus. makes 8 books in Latin describing greek learning. (F36)
.....
1 BC
0 AD
1 AD
augustus
horizontal ovens (kilns) for pottery in Rome and CHina (H)
padded saddle in China (H)
iron horseshoe (H)
metal stirrup [in China] (H)
ogival arch (H)
Pantheon built in Rome (H)
Pont Du Gard aquaduct built [moves water from ? to ?] (H)
crank used in China (H)
Roman wood plane (H)
use of brass in China (H)
paper made first in China (H)
Iron Pillar at Delhi (H)
block printing with stone in China (H)
letter "C" is made and takes on letter "K" sound, letter "S" sound, and "CH" sound.
43 OR 44 AD Mela Pomponius (mElu) (~ 5 bc Tingentera, Spain - ?) makes "small" geography "book"/scroll for popular reading by humans in ROme, copies greek geography humans, but has no math, written in Latin. Mela divides earth in to 5 zone, north frigid, north temperate, torrid, south temperate and south frigid. thought only temperate zones livable. thought torrid zone was burning/hot could not be passed by humans to south temperate zone. (F37)
Dioscorides (DEOSKORiDEZ) (~20 AD Anazarbus (near Adana in Turkey) - ?) surgeon human served (in) Roman armies under Nero. main interest in use of plants as source of drugs. Wrote "De Materia Medica" in 5 "books", first encyclopedia of medical plants and drugs, decsribes 600 plants and almost 1000 drugs, descriptions are accurate and free from superstition. reports on condensation of mercury on lid of container - possibly could have led to distillation - [although the egyptian human were making beer and wire hundreds of years before tph] book is preserved by arab humans, and later translated (back) into latin. (F37-38)
Hero (~20AD -?) makes (metal) hollow sphere with two bent tubes, when water is oiled in sphere, steam moves/escapes thru tubes, making the sphere rotate, most early steam engine. Steam is then used to move doors, and in statues, in toys. Hero describes lever, pulley, wheel, inclined plane, screw, wedge. describes that when a force is magnified, this is equalled or at the expense of a shorter distance, generalizing? the law of levers by Archimedes. Used syphons, syringes and gears. used gears to change wheel rotations of a chariot to the rotations of a pointer to indicate distance/number of wheel rotations. writes book on air, shows that air is a substance an will not enter a container already filled with air, unless air is allowed to escape and be replaced. reasoned gthat because air is compressinle, air must be made of particles separated by space. Hero mdae "book" on mirrors and on light. Thought light came from eyes and moved at infinite velocty, both wrong, but was accurate in saying angle that light touches a surface is equal to angle light reflects from surface. (f38-39) [Heron of Alexandria made the first book on robots (G)]
Pliny (Gaius Plinius Cecilius Secundus), the Elder (PlinE) (23 AD Novum Comum (now Como), Italy - August 24, 79 AD near Mount Vesuvius, Italy) commanded group of military humans in Germany, explored various parts of europe. A human that writes more than most humans, thought walking a aste of time because if driving [in a horse pulled chariot] could write at same time. wrote history of Germanic wars. (F39)
52 AD Pliny returns to Novum Comun studies law, writes and studies. (F39)
62 AD earth eclipse of moon is visible in Alexandria, is described by Hero. (F38)
69 AD Vespasian (friend of Pliny the ELder) becomes Emperor). (f39)
70 AD Pliny the elder employed/appointed as governor over part of Gaul [now France?] (F39)
73 AD Pliny made/employed as Governor of part of Spain. (F39)
77 AD Pliny the elder prints/publishes/finishes/makes major writing "Natural History", 37 volumes a complete summary of knowledge of the time, dedicated to Emperor "Titus, son of Vespasian. Book made from copying text of 500 other earlier humans. did not accept idea of immortality. book contains astronomy, geology and zoology. in zoology pliny accepts a number of false stories as being true, for example, unicorns, mermaids, flying horses. (f39)
?? AD Pliny put in command of Roman home fleet. (F39)
7? AD Pliny Naval fleet stationed at naval base in Misenum (NW of bay of naples) (f39)
08/24/79 AD Mount Vesuvius, Italy erupts killing humans in cities of Pompei and Herculaneum (including Pliny the elder, interested in seeing the eruption, pliny went ashore/on to the land, but did not escape in time and was found dead). (f39)
97 AD Emeror Nerva puts Frontinus (FroNTInuS) (Sextus Julius 30 ad - 104 AD) in charge of water system of Rome. printed two volume work describing Roman aquaducts (structures used to move water), indicating that the Roman aquaducts were better than the engineering by egyoptian and greek humans. (F40)
105 AD Tsai Lun (TSI lUN) (~50AD Kueiyang, Kweichow - ~118 AD) makes/invents paper from matter like tree bark, hemp and rags/(cotton?). A eunuch human [has no sex?] (F40)
Ptolemy (ToLomE) (Claudius Ptolemaeus) (~75AD Ptolemais Hermii ? - ?) may have been egyptian, not greek. not related to ptolomy royal family, may have got name from place of birth. Copied the system made by Hipparchus where the earth is rotated by the moon, mercury, venus, the sun, mars, jupiter and saturn. this system could be used to calculate the location of the planets accurately enough for naked eye measurements. no writings made by hipparchus have een found, Ptolomy made a book that includes a star catalog (star names and location) based on Hipparchus, listed 48 constellations that Ptolomy names that are still used now. book is called by later humans "Megale/Megiste mathematike syntaxis" (Great/Greatest mathematical composition). the book by Ptolomy was protected by arab humans that called the book "almagest" (the greatest). Ptolomy accepted Hipparchus accurate measurement of the distance of earth moon, and also the innacurate (smaller) measurement of distance to the sun star by Aristarchus (this estimate lastest until Kepler). followed Poseidonius in supporting the incorrect theory of astrology. wrote on optics, contains refraction of light, and book on geography based on marching Roman legion humans, accepted the smaller less accurate measurement of Poseidonius and not more accurate larger estimate of Eratosthenes. (F41)
159 Galen (~130 AD Pergamum (now Bergama, Turkey) - ~200 AD probably Sicily) (visited medical school in Alexandria earlier in life) is employed as physician to a gladiatorial school at Pergamum. Here, Galen had an opportunity to learn human anatomy [from killed gladiator humans]. (F41)
164 AD Galen moves to Rome, is court physician under emperor Marcus Aurelius for some time. Dissection of humans was viewed as bad and Galen could only dissect other species, including dogs, goats, pigs, and monkeys. describes network of blood vessels [veins and arteries] under the brains of some species, but these are not in humans. wrote that muscles work in groups. cut spinal cord of species at various levels and wrote on the resulting paralysis/non moving body parts. used 3 fluid theory of erasistratus. first to use pulse in solving problem. decribes movement of urine thru ureters to bladder. spoke out against hippocrates [did not like?], was anti atom theory. livd during time christianity was rising in popularity, but was not christian. thought there was 1 god, thought like Pliny everything in universe made by god for some purpose. this search for design and purpose, [Asimov credits] to the books not being destroyed by christian humans. books were medical/healing thru science books until vesalius. (F41)
Diophantus (~210 AD - ~290 AD) uses equations with solutions that must be integers. Some times equation has no set of answers. These are called Diophantine equations. (F42)
Plotinus, a roman philosopher human modifies system of Plato, adding mysticism in order to compete with eastern religions, gaining popularity in Rome. (f43)
Zosimus (~250 AD Panopolis (now Akhmim), egypt - ?) greek alchemy human summarizes 300 hundred writings on alchemy (form of science called "khemia" = egyptian word for land, [also?] means "black" refers to black soil watered by Nile, arab humans made "alchemy". Alchemy started by process of mummification in egypt possibly.) in an encyclopedia of 28 books. The books contain a majority of mysticism. May have been aware of arsenic, described forming of lead acetate and described the sweet taste of lead acetate. the 4 element greek theory lasted until Lavoisier. (F43)
251 AD St Anthony born wrote in egypt in coptic language, starts monastic (christian) system in egypt (with st pachom). (K48)
Pappus (~260 AD Alexandria - ?? AD Alexandria) summarizes in 8 books (most parts of all but the first have been copied/preserved) on Greek mathematics. writes in detail on astronomical system made/credited to Ptolomy. (f43)
284 AD-640 AD Byzantine "Christian" rule egypt (K5)
290 AD christian copt humans in egypt want to write bible, in particular gospels, in native egyptian, but only have hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic that do not have written vowel sounds, making exact translation difficult. Copt humans solve problem by using the greek alpabet adding 7 new letters/symbols for sounds not found in greek. (K48)
292 AD Pachom born, writes in coptic language, in egypt starts monastic (christian) system in egypt (with St anthony) . (K49)
300 AD
300 AD-700 AD Coptic language is last form of egyptian language used, and was replaced by arabic, valauble in decoding hieroglyphs because in coptic vowels are included (in hieroglyph vowels not printed). Coptic is egyptian language written with the greek alphabet. (K47)
3?? AD Horapollo, in egypt prints (scroll?) with nearly 200 hieroglyphs, calls (scroll) "Hieroglyphica". Was not accurate- thought wavy lines were "water", not "n" sound. (K16)
334 AD Shenute, coptic monk born, writes in coptic (K49)
St. Ambrose (340?-390) , bishop of Milan writes Who cares if a synagogue- home of insanity and unbelief - is destroyed? (I)
St. John Chrysostom (347-407) writes The Jews sacrifice their children to Satan. (I)
Hypatia (370 AD - 415 AD Alexandria), daughter of Theon, the last recorded member human of the great museum at Alexandria, is only noted female human in science of past before [1600s?]. Text describe Hypatia as having beauty, virtue [good values], skill and giving popular lectures. Wrote on earlier humans, for example Ptolomy and Diophantus. Was pagan human, christian bishop humans were pupil human, but was the subject of violent anger from zealot [christian] humans. (f43) Hypatia was in the neoplatonic school. Cyril the bishop of Alexandria, did not like Hypatia, because of Hypatia was friends with the local governor, and because science was associated with paganism. (G)
Eusebius - history
letter "Q" is made
08/24/394 AD most recent/last hieroglyph inscription carved in egypt. found on the island of Philae, near aswan, in reign of roman emeror Theodosius. humans that can read and translate (understand) Hieroglpyh become less in number, in 400s AD no human can read/translate/understand/comprehend hieroglyphic writing. (K36)
415 AD Hypatia (HiPoTEo) is pulled from a chariot, flesh scraped from body with abolone (oyster) shells [or possibly ceiling tiles], and body burned in Alexandria (G) by Peter the Reader, and other monk humans that were friends with Cyril of Alexandria. None of the humans are locked in jail. (?) Cyril was made a saint. (G)
Proclus (ProKluS) (410 AD Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) - 04/17/485 AD Athens) last pagan science human recognized for any thing, at this time dangerous to be pagan. Proclus teaches at Academy in the last century of existence and was head human of school. Wrote commentary of Ptolomy and Euclid. (f44)
451 AD council of ephesus, results in acceptance of "Monophysite heresy", that Christ/Jesus had one nature, and that nature was divine, not human in to coptic church. coptic church breaks away from rest of christian church group with this "heretical" theory. (K49)
472 AD Olybrius is emperor of Rome for a number of months (placed by /puppet for [ostrogoth humans?]...) (F44)
476 AD last emperor of Rome is deposed (this year usually described as "fall of Rome") (f44)
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (~480 AD Rome -524 Ticinum (now Pavia), Italy) from noble Roman family, related to Olybrius. Befriended by Theodoric, human that ruled Ostrogoth humans, and leader/king of Italy and land surrounding Italy. (f44)
500 AD
clinker-built boats in Scandinavia (H)
Chinese ships with transverse bulkheads (H)
Hadrian's Wall (H)
Barbegal watermill complex (H)
paper making reaches Korea and Japan from China (H)
floating water mills in Rome (H)
Santa Sophia built (H)
522 AD 2 sons of Boethius (already in given a high office) friend of Theodoric speaks out against Ostrogoth humans "abuses" on the Roman humans. Theodoric has Boethius lock in a jail and tortured, then killed with no trial. Boethius writes "The Consolation of Philosophy" in jail. pagan in describing ideas of free will, and virtue, but Boethius was thought to be christian. Last Roman writing humans that understood Greek. Made translations of Aristotle [must have been in greek], also summarizes various science subjects. only source of greek science for european humans until Arabic writings translated to Latin 600 years later. (f45)
524 AD Boethius killed by humans under command of Theodoric. (f45)
529 AD Justinian orders the Academy closed. The academy was the last stronghold of Paganism. (F)
Charlemagne
600 AD
Viking ships use keel and mast for sail (H)
Wind mills in Persia (H)
Gran canal extended in China (H)
glazed windows in churches (H)
~622 AD - 633 AD Isidore of Seville (~560 AD Seville - 4/4/636 AD Seville) prints Encyclopedia called "Etymologies" describes learning from the Greek humans, like Bede borrows from Pliny, accepts astrology as true, supports mystic importance of numbers after Pythagarus. (f44)
628 AD Bramagupta (~598 AD - ~660 AD) living in Ujjain in west central India, ~300AD-~900AD the center of Hindu science. In this year, Bramagupta prints book, in book, denies rotation of earth, uses algebra to solve astronomical problems.
640 AD Arab humans rule egypt (islam replaces christianity in egypt) (K5)
640 AD Most coptic christian humans change to islamic. coptic churches and monastaries are left empty/abandoined. (K49)
Callinicus (KaLinIKuS) (~620 AD Heliospolis, Egypt ? - ?) makes "greek fire" mixing inflammable [gasoline?] petroleum, potasium nitrate to supply oxygen, and quicklime perhaps to add more heat when mixed with water.
670 AD Greek humans of Byzantine empire use "greek fire" to destroy ships of
700 AD
paper in central Asia (H)
mechanical clocks in China (H)
Alchemical experiments of Jabir ibn Heyyan (Geber) (H)
pointed arch in Islamic architecture (H)
arabic humans used to defend Costantinople (H) (f45)
??? AD symbol for number 0 (zero) is made (by hindu mathematician human?) made decimal system possible[?] (f45)
800 AD
printing with wood blocks in China (H)
paddle boat in China (H)
Oseberg ship (H)
crank drawn/painted in Europe (H)
800 AD paper making reaches Baghdad [700 years after being invented](F40)
868 Earliest dated printed object made, a version of Diamond Sutra (H)
868 AD Ibn Tulun rules egypt (K5)
900 AD
Gokstad ship (H)
caustic alkalis made(?) (H)
ealiest dated printed book "Diamond Sutra" printed [in China] (H)
969 AD Fatimid family rules egypt (K5)
Norse humans live on Greenland (H)
1000 AD
movable clay type in China (H)
watermills widely used in Europe (H)
motte-and-bailey castles (H)
magnetic compass first used at sea in China (H)
alcohol made by distillation (H)
stained glass windows (H)
Krak des Chevaliers fortress (H)
1095 AD
First Crusade (ordered by Pope Urban II in 1095 to take the Holy Jerusalem from infidels)- In Germany a group of humans that followed a goose thought to be enchanted joined the army of Emich of Leisingen. This group decided that before marching 2,000 miles to kill people in Israel, they had to slay the infidels among us, the Jewish people of Mainz, Worms, and other German cities. These humans killed thousands of Jewish humans, and according to Haught, some Jewish humans killed their families and selves before the mob of Crusading humans broke in. Humans employed as priests like Volkmar and Gottschalk led groups of Jesus based humans to kill Jewish humans in Prague, Bavaria, and Regensburg. Some Jewish human were given a chance to be spared by converting to Christianity at sword point. These crusading people marched in to Jerusalem and killed nearly all of the people. Raymond of Aguilers wrote Numbers of the Saracens were beheaded
(Saracens being arab people). (I)
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090?-1153) calls the Jewish people, a degraded and perfidious people. (I)
1100 AD
papermills in europe (H)
post windmills in Europe (H)
Abbey St Denis is early gothic style building (H)
explosive devices based on gunpowder in China [what chemicals, how made?] (H)
1144 a boy was found dead in England and all Jewish people were blamed. In city after city, Jewish humans were sentenced to death for child sacrificing.(I)
1171 Saladin (syrian) rules egypt (K5)
1175 AD Arabic copy of Ptolomy "Almagest" translated to Latin. (F41)
Ptolomy geography book that uses Poseidonius innacurrately smaller estimate of size of earth, not more accurate larger size measured by Eratosthenes. This influences Toscanelli and Columbus. (F41)
1200 AD
Sternpost rudder used in europe (H)
cog is in europe (H)
Roger Bacon writes "Opus Tertius" (H)
Albertus Magnus makes "Libellus de alchimia" (H)
1200s The Inquisition starts (I)
1215 The Fourth Lateran Council orders all Jewish people in Catholic lands to wear distinguishing labels or cloths in addition to ordering Jewish people to be confined in ghettos. (I)
1216 First recorded drilled "artesian" well in providence of France, Artois. (H)
1243 Jewish humans burned at the stake for host nailing (I)
1250 - 1517 AD Mameluke (turkish) rules egypt (K5)
1252 Pope Innocent IV authorizes torture. (I)
Pope Gregory IX authorizes the killing of witches (1200s). (I)
1255 in England, 18 Jewish people were tortured and hanged for sacrificing children. (I)
Roger Bacon locked in jail for "atheism" in England
1285 in Munich, 180 Jewish people burned after a rumor of bleeding a Christian child to death. (I)
1298 In Nuremberg 628 Jewish humans are killed (including scholar Mordecai ben Hillel) because of a rumor of host nailing. (I)
movable wood type in China (H)
1300 AD
first European block prints (H)
tower mindmills (H)
Dondi makes astronomical clock (H)
treadle lathes (H)
first (?) cannon made in Europe (H)
3-masted carracks in Mediterranean (H)
1348 the bubonic plague is blamed on Jewish humans poisoning the wells, thousands were killed. For example, in Speyer, Germany Jewish bodies were piled into huge wine casks and sent floating down the Rhine. In Basal, Switzerland, 600 Jewish people were burned for well poisoning. (I)
1400 AD
block-printed books in Europe (H)
caravels (?) (H)
first hand held gun (firearm) (H)
Gutenberg uses movable type (H)
Quandrant and astrolabe used for navigation (H)
Portuguese humans sail round Africa (H)
spring driven clocks (H)
Crank and connecting rod in painting (H)
Thomas Norton makes "Ordinall of alchimy" (H)
1417 AD a single manuscript (papyrus?) with a poem by Lucretius is found. (F35)
1426 AD a copy of the medical part of the 8 books (encyclopedia describing past greek learning) written in latin by Celsus (10 bc - ?). this book, possibly taken from writings from human in school of Hippocrates, describes tonsillectomy, and other operations. words used in latin are cartilage, abdomin, tonsil, vertebra, anus and uterus. first to describe heart attacks and insanity, [so already by 10 bc there was a label "insane", possibly for anybody that did not echo the popular opinions]. describes a "cataract", the lens of eye turns opaque/cloudy/changes color. also some data on dentistry, and use of dental mirror. (F36-37)
1475 Jewish humans in parts of Europe had to wear pointed hats as an identifying badge. The humans in the Catholic churched forced all Jewish humans to wear these pointed hats, as shown in a picture drawn on wood (German woodcut). These Jewish people were burned, charged with sacrificing Christian children. (I)
1478 pope authorizes Ferdinandand Isabella to revive Inquisition to hunt secret Jews and Muslim people (at least 2000 humans were eventually killed by the Inquisition). (I)
1478 AD Medical part of 8 Books by Celsus found in 1426 AD printed. (F37)
1478 AD "De Materia Medica" describes medical uses of plants and drugs is printed (F38)
1491 in Spain Jewish humans tortured by the Holy Inquisition were made to confess to killing a child in a town called La Guardia. (I)
1492 Columbus leads three sailing ships from Spain to Cuba.
1492 Jewish people expelled from Spain in racial purification. (I)
Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
1500 AD
first ships sail around the earth [Magellean] (H)
Fitzherbert makes book "Boke of Husbandrie (H)
1516-1798 AD Pashas appointed by Turkish Sultan (start of Ottoman empire) (K5)
1517 egypt is preovidence of Ottoman empire. egypt governed by Mamelukes, descended from caucasian slave-troop humans brought to egypt by turk humans in 1250. (K9)
1544 Archimedes translated in to Latin. (F)
Agricola makes book "De Re Mettalica" (H)
1550 AD
Florintine soft paste porcelin (H)
Mercator makes map projection (H)
Hakluyt makes book "Voyages" (H)
'Calamine' brass (?)(H)
Harington makes water closet (?) (H)
Rubber brought to europe from South America (H)
large scale blister steel making business in Nuremberg (H)
1589 John Harington of Kelston in Somerset England builds a "water closet" that can be flushed 1 or 2 times a day from an overhead tank. (H) Early toilet.
1596 John Harington decribes water closet invention in book called "The Metamorphis of Ajax" ("jakes" was at the time the word for a lavatory). Harington has a playful humor, gets in trouble, and must go to court. (H)
1600 Giordano Bruno is ordered killed by (names?) humans in the Holy Inquisition in Rome, Italy and burned on a stake by unnammed humans that were not locked in jail after.
Accademia dei Lincei (?) (H)
telescope invented (H)
gunpowder used in mining (H)
von Guericke does experiments on atmosphere (air) (H)
1650 AD Quaker group formed, angry with authoritarian and class based Protestant humans. Refused to pay "tithes" to church, bear arms, or show obedience to king. not allowed to earn degrees from the 2 universities in England.(J)
Leuwenhook
Huygens
first pendulum clock made
Royal Society of London (H)
Paris Academy (H)
Greenwich Observatory (H)
Papin makes digester (?) (H)
1652 AD - 1654 AD Jesuit (?) human, Athanasius Kircher, professor of math in University of Rome, makes book "Oedipus Aegyptiacus". takes interst in "coptic" languageused in writings (liturgy (?)) of christian chirch humans in egypt. looks at manuscripts (papers) brought to europe by italian noble human Pietro della Valle. Kircher compiles first coptic grammewr (?) to be published in europe. recpgnizes that coptic language is direct descendant of the language spoken in egypt during phaoronic times. interpretation of hieroglypoh were not accurate. (K17-18)
1684 AD Thomas Willis prints early text on "insanity". "The Practice of Physick: Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Bruts", views "insane" humans as like animals (other species). Willis describes "insane" humans as having super human strength. From this text: "Discipline, threats, fetters, blows are needed as much as medical treatment..."(J)
Savery designs fire engine (H)
École des Ponts et Chaussées (?) (H)
1700 AD
Iron smelted with coke (H)
smallbox inncoulation in England (H)
seed-drill in Europe (H)
curved mould-boards (?) (H)
Meissen porcelain (H)
Kay makes flying shuttle (H)
American Philosophical Society founded (H)
Newcomen beam engine (H)
iron rail tramways (H)
marine chronometer (H)
Polhem makes gear cutting machine (H)
crucible steel (H)
1728 Daniel Defoe writes "Is it not enough to make any one mad to be suddenly clap'd up, stripp'd, whipp'd, ill fed, and worse us'd?" speaks out against "treatments" given with no consent in psychitric hospitals. (J)
1750
spinning mule (H 144)
water frame (?) (H)
Watt makes improved steam engine (H)
lightning conductor (H)
sextant (H)
Cugnot makes stem train (locomotive) (H)
Cort makes puddling process (H)
Argand oil lamp (H)
food preservatives made (H)
threshing machine (H)
self-sharpening ploughshare (H)
1751 AD Richard Mead in england prints "medical" text on "insanity" explains that the "insane" humans need to be "tied doiwn and even beat, to prevent his doing mischief to himself or others." (J)
?? William Cullen tried bleeding of "insane" humans(J)
?? John Monro employed as superintendant of Bethlehem Asylum, gives one "insane" human 61 vomit inducing emetics (?) in 6 months
Humans labeled insane were "treated" with bleedings, purgings (?), emetics, and nausia inducing molecules (like mercury) because the pain replaced the focus of the "insane" humans thoughts. mustard powders were put on shaved head of humans caused blisters wre used to cause pain and discomfort, and also fear in humans labeled "insane". (J)
1756 Pennsylvania Hospital opens - first psychiatric hospital in the USA. The purpose of this "hospital" is to be a prison, where humans are kept in cells watched by humans with whips, humans were beat and regularly chained, and put in "madd-shirts" (straight jackets) (J)
1758 Battie writes on "cures" for "insanity" (J)
1761 Jewish people were killed in Nancy, France for host nailing. (I)
1762 Pennsylvia psychiatric hospital charges 4 pense to visit (J)
1765 1st medical school in the americas is started "College of Philadelphia", Rush is one of faculty humans.(J)
?? Rush, thinking insanity caused by irregular movements of bloo in the brain, bleeds humans. Rush writes that "four-fifths of the blood in the body" should be taken. Other doctor humans called such actions a "murderous dose", and a "dose for a horse". Rush writes "fear, accompanied with pain and a sense of shame, has sometimes cured this disease". Rushed used a spinning device called a "gyrator" to spin humans, thinking there would be increased blood flow in brain. Burrows argued that every asylum should have a gyrator. Rush used a "tranquilizer chair" to "cure" "madness". In this chair a human was strapped, arms, wrists, feet , head in wooden container, a bucket was put beneath chair for excrement. Some humans are tied in this chair for hours, days, and even months. (J)
1768 AD - 1771 AD Cook sails 1st pacific voyage (H142)
1770 Mozart
1772 AD - 1775 AD Cook sails 2nd pacific voyage (H142)
1774 "Act for regulating madhouses, licensing, and inspection" is passed in England, requires "physician" humans to certify that a human is "insane". (J)
1776 AD - 1779 AD Cook sails 3rd pacific voyage (H142)
1782 U-bend water seal and automatic flushing cistern made. Water closet is still emptied in to cesspit, emptied once a year, put in nearest river, lake or ocean. went into well water. even sewers emptied in rivers, lakes and oceans. (H) early toilet
1783 Benjamin Rush is employed in Pennsylvania psychiatric hospital, whie replacing hay beds with hair mattresses, (J)
Benjamin Franklin
1788 22 non government "madhouses" psychiatric hospitals in London. (J)
1788 Queen of England calls on Francis Willis (in London) to cure King George 3 of "madness". Willis thinks George must be broken like a horse and is put in a straight waist coat, legs tied to a bed, blisters made on the legs, was bled with leeches, emetics were added to food. Humans now think that George had "porphyria". (J)
Isaac Newton
1791 Hannah Mills, a quaker human, dies of ill treatment and neglect at the York asylum, led by William Tuke, quaker humans decide to build a "retreat" for quaker humans viewed as "mentally ill". (J)
in France monarch government under King Louis XVI is replaced with Republic government.
1793 French Revolution brings moe moral "treatment" of "mad" humans. Philippe Pinel is appointed by humans in rnew "republic" government to care for the humans in the Salpêtriêre and Bicêtre asylums (psychiatric hospitals) in Paris. Inspired by Pussin, Pinel takes more humane view of humans labeled "insane". Pinel is skeptical of treatments in medical texts, viewed treatments as "rarely useful and frequently injurious" methods formed from "prejudces, hypotheses, pedantry, ignorence, and the authority of celebrated names."(J)
1796 Quaker humans open psychiatric hospital (result of Mills death in York hospital), and give humane care of humans with no beating or torture. (J)
August 16, 1797 Napoleon Bonaparte writes in order to destroy England, Egypt must be owned or taken (K9)
3/5/1798 Humans (directors) of french republiclet Napolke (K)
05/19/1798 Napoleon sails from Toulon with 17,000 humans (including 150 in science group) on 180 ships, added with 200 ships from italian ports. Na[polean arrives with 55,000 male humans. (K10)
06/02/1798 Napolean and 50,000 male humans arrive at Marabout beach on north coast of egypt, in hours napoleann and human move 8 miles to alexandria with only 200 male humans wounded. Napolean makes a camp (garrison) in alexandria and moves for Cairo 120 miles south east. For trwo weeks the french male humans struggle thru desert, suffering thirst, dysentaery (?), black flies and scorpians. (K10)
07/21/1798 AD French male humans find egyptian army humans beneath pyramicds of giza. the egypt army is 16,000 male humans with elite caverly of 8,000 Mameluke humans under command of , the Circassian, Murad Bey, ruler human of egypt. Napolean had no horses (caverlry), but had guns. Napolean says on morning of battle "Soldiers, from the hreight of these pyramids, forty-centuries look down upon you!". The fernch humans, with guns easily kill , dominate, win over egyptian humans. In less than two hours Napoleon and fremch humans had klled or ca[tured most of egyptian army humans and mameluke cavelry humans, Mured Bey escaped with onbly a "handful" of male humans. (K10)
07/25/1798 Napoleon enters Cairo, and declared turkish rule at end. (K10)
1798 Napoleon rules egypt (K5)
08/1798 Napoleon founds institute in Cairo based on institute de france in paris, to coordintae research of 150 science humans. Math human Gaspard Monge was president, napoleon vice president. met every 5 days, in jealously officer humans called science human "pekinese dogs", only lap-dog servants to napoleon. Napleon alreafdyt member of paris institute masthematical section, so egypt studies hadd mzath focus (K11)
08/07/1798 Bristish fleet humans on water ships under command of Nelson,destroy 13 of 17 french war ships, and form blockade of egypt (in battle of the Nile). Napoleon and 55,000 male humans with no way to get supplies from france. On morning of getting newsd from Aboukir Bay, Nsapoleon says "It seems you like this country. That is very lucky, for we now have no fleet to carry us back to Europe." (K10)
17?? Science humans ("pekinese dogs") do variety of projects in egypt. Berthollet studies natron (?) lakes in the western desert, and making of indigo. Villoteau studiesarab music. Larrey strudies opthalmia. savigny uncovers new species of water lily. Saint-Hilaire studies ostrich and cropcodile, polypterus a specoies of nile fish only found in Nile. Saint-Hilaire studies mummified ibises, first human to follow development of a species thru more than 1000 years, iby comparitive anatomy, makes way for Darwin. Dominique-Vivant Denon, (a draughtsman (?)) friends with Voltaire, made pornographic (or sexual oe nude) etchings. denon scetches much pf egypt including chapel of Amenophis III at Aswan, only drawing that has been found yet. (K11-12)
17?? General Desaix goes to upper egypt, chases Murad Bey asfar as Aswan and kills Mured Bey in battle of sediman. (K12)
17?? hufrench science humans copy hieroglyph inscriptions, run out of pencils and Conté melts lead bullets and uses reeds growing on banks of Nile to malke pencils. (K13)
07/??/1799 most important session/meeting of Cairo institute is held. Lancret (a savant (?)) announces "the discovery at Rosetta of some inscriptions that may offer much interst". Lancret read greek on stone, and says that the stone was a decree issued by the priests of memphis to commemorate (celebrate, remember ?) the coronoation (making king?) of Ptolomy V, epipanes in 196 BC. (K13)
???plaster copies of rosetta stone sent to paris. humans in germany, italy, england, and france try to decipher hieroglyphs. (K13)
1799 AD Napoleon gets news from Europe, first news in 6 months, now Britrain,m Austria, Russia, Naples and Turkey were "enemy" (?). Not good economic in france, talk of restore monarchy. (K11)
08/??/1799 a group of male humans under direction of Bouchard working in ruins of Fort Rashid near Rosetta, a coastal town 43 miles to east of Alexandria. D'Hautpoul digs up piece of black basalt 3' 9" by 2' 4.5" wide, one side covered with inscriptions. (K13)
08/23/1799 Napoleon "runs blockade" and sails for france. The stone has a damaged section with 14 lines of heiroglyph, 32 lines of "demotic" (greek word - demo=people "of the people", "of the country"local), and 54 lines of greek. The value of the rosetta stone, piece of basalt was recognized in seconds, Bouchard has stone taken to Cairo for motre study. (K13) In their resistence to learn egyptian, the humans called the city "Rosetta" instead of "Rashid" (G)
1800 AD
cotton gin (H 144)
power loom (H)
balloon flights (H)
steamboats (H)
automatic loom (H)
electric battery (H) Volta
steam carraige (H)
steam locomotive (drives other cars of train)(H)
platinum vessels (H)
mine ventilation (H)
patent lock (?) (H)
gas lighting (H) photons from gas + O2
sugar beet established (grown/made?) (H)
???? french (difficult to say what "french" human is exactly, but spoke french and was caucasian) human, J de Guignes, recognizes that some of hieroglyph symbols are "determinatives", used to determine the meaning of symbols before determinative symbol. (K18)
???? scandanavian human, G Zoëga, prints? that a number of hieroglyphs are letters in an alphabet. G Zoëga also pints that the "cartouche" (french word = scroll or tablet designed fto take an inscription) or elongsated oval shapes, tought to represent loops of rope, fpound in a number of inscriptions actually contained royal names. The catouche shows that the royal human is the ruler of all the sun sees.(K18)
1801 AD Pinel prints "Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale", explaining that insanity not due to "lesion of the brain", but that humans had delusions because of shocks of life, for example disappointed love, business failure, and poverty. Defines 5 specific types of "insanity". (J)
1801 AD-1882 AD Turkish Mehemet Ali (1801-1848) rules egypt (k5)
1801 AD Turks and British humans beat French humans in egypt, rest of french humans in egyot sent back tlo france. A nuber of items, including rosetta stone, taken by british humans. General Hutchenson sends objects to england where George 3 has objects put in british museum. (K14)
1801 AD Jean-François Champollion goes to house of Jean-Baptiste Fourier, math and physic human that was on egyptian science group with Napoleon. Fourier shos Champollion egyptian objects. Champolleon asks "canm anyojne read them?", Fourier says "no". Champolleon says "I am going to do it..." (K19)
unwanted relative humans (and also unwated married female humans) are stored in psychiatric hospitals owned by individual humans. William Battie owned psychiatric hospitals/houses in Islington and Clerkenwell died with 100,000-200,000 pounds from this business. (J)
1802 AD Vivant Denon prints "Journey in Upper and Lower Egypt". (K14)
1802 AD J. D. Åkerblad, sweedish diplomat (to france?) human prints "Lettre à M. de Sacy", that has a demotic alphabet, got no father because thought demotic was entirely alphabetic. (K18)
1804 AD egypt under rule of Mehemet Ali, an albanian soldier (of fortune independent for money?) human, sent to egypt by turish gov humans to fight french humans. Mehemet lets french humans study in egypt, modernizes egypt, opens up egypt to humans to study egyptian objects. (K14)
1807 AD Champollion makes historical chart of egypt drawn from biblical references, latin, hebrew, and arabic texts, in addition to (supplemented ? with) coptic. Aged 17 years old Champollion presents paper "Egypt under the Pharaohs" to teaching staff humans at Lycée at Grenoble. Is made member of faculty. (K20)
1808 Champollion sees copy of rposetta stone in house of fourier in grenoble. Åkerblad has found name "Ptolemaios" in greek and demotic sections. Champollean looking for name Ptolomaios in hieroglyph part finds cartouch on line 6, like dsemotic right to left, reads p-t-o-l-m-y-s, makes symbol list. (K20-21)
1809-1813 Francois Jomard prints "Descriptions of egypt", makes full use of Denon drawings. more humans get interest in egypt. (K15)
1810 AD
steam ship (H145)
miners' safety lamp (H)
food canning (H)
superphosphate fertilizers (H)
1812 Ad Benjamin Rush prints book "Medical Inquires and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind", is 1st psychiatric text to be printed in the USA. (J)
"gyrator" and "trainquilizer chair" (used and pomoted by Benjamin Rush) removed from Pennsylvania hospital, viewed as an instrument of abuse. (J)
??? Hermann Boerhaave (in Leyden) writes "The greatest remedy for [mania] is to throw the Patient unwarily into the Sea, and to keep him under Water as long as he can possibly bear without being quite stifled". (J)
??? As a result of writings by Boerhaave, Joseph Guislain builds "The Chinese Temple" for drowning humans diagnosed with various forms of "insanity". (J)
??? "The swinging chair" is invented by Joseph Mason Cox to "cure" "insane" humans.Humans would be rotated until obedient. These devices were banned by humans in a number of european governments. (J)
1814 AD Thomas Young, eminent english science humangets copy of rosetta stone, proves that some demotic symbols represent letters of an alphabet, pthers did not forms Greek-Demotic vocabulary of 86 groups of words, most correct. had limite understanding of coptic, the language that was to be impotant to decipher/translate hieroglphs. (K19)
1815 AD W. J. Bankes, scholar humans and member human of parliament, friend of duke of wellington, finds two red granite obelisks on island of Philae erected/made by Ptolemy 8, Euergetes 2 and his wife, Kleopatra. One obelisk is damaged and only 1/3 remains. Bankes has giovanni Belzoni, italian "antiquarian" (?) ships both obelisks to britain, (K21)
1817 AD Quaker humans in philadelphia open first "moral - treatment" asylum in the Americas. (J)
1818 Asylum in Boston made, later called McLean Hospital. (J)
1820 AD
first photograph (Niépce) (H)
[principles of thermodynamics] (H) Still of value? (TPH)
railway tunneliung shield (?) (H)
safety fuse (H) regular fuse?
rubberized fabric (H)
harvesting machines (H)
1820 AD 40 "madhouses" (from 20 in 1788), psycjhiatric hospitals in London, show popularity of trade. (J)
1821 AD Bloomingdale asylum in New York City opens, founded by quaker human Thomas Eddy on site where Columbia University is now. (J)
1822 AD Champollion gets copy of inscriptions found on the unbroken obelisk (1 of 2 bankes found on island of phillae), inscribed with hieroglyohs, base in greek. (a second rosetta stone). in seconds Chmpollion finds cartouche for ptolmys. the greek inscription also refered to kleopatra, and champollion fonud the cartouche for the name kleopatra. with in months Champollion translates over 80 cartouches including the names "Alexander", "Berenice", "Tiberius", "domitian", and "Trajan". Not sure if system would also translate omore old hieroglyphs, but did as Champollion founfd in Septe,ber, 1822 AD, got copies of text from temple between 1st ans 2nd cataracts (?) of Nile, temnple of abu simbel. finds name of Ramesses (K22-23)
09/29/1822 AD Champollion, age 32, reads paper "Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiqué" to member humans humans in academy of Paris. [Announces translating Ptolomy and Cleopatra, describes translation of hieroglyphics ? tph] does not tell of translating Ramesses and Thothmes (Tuthmosis)(K24)
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 AD - 1910 AD) one of first female humans (perhaps fist) to graduate with degree in "medicine" (healing [thru science]) from a college (Geneva Medical College, NY). Opened hospital in Britain with Florence Nightengale. (from side of "Silk" Chocolate soy milk container)
James Clerk Maxwell
1824 AD Champollion prints "Précis du systéme hiéroglyphic", does not print that Åkerblad and Young had solved some of translating hieroglyphics. In this text Champollion tells of translating Ramesses and Thothmes (Tuthmosis). (K24)
08/17/1827 AD two obelisks found by Babkes in island iof Philae are set up on grounds of the bankes houseat kingston lacy in dorset.
1830 AD
electromagnetic induction (H145)
water turbine (H)
screw-driven ship (H)
steam hammer (H)
1833 first public asylum opens in Worchester, Massachusetts (based on moral treatment of quaker humans). (J)
1840 AD Only 2,561 humans in mental hospitals [in USA?] (J)
photographic negative (H)
electric telegraph (H)
electric motors (H)
electroplating (H)
gas cooker (H)
1841 16 asylums (gov and non gov) based on "moral treatment" in the USA ()
1841 AD Pennsylvania (psychiatric) Hospital opens west of Philadelphia. (J)
1842 fire burns Hamburg, Germany. City is one of first to be built (again) with 2 water moving systems. One for storm water and other for sewage (human fecies/excrement/shit and urine/piss). Sewage pumped outside of city. (H)
1843 Dorothea Dix tells human in Massachusetts state gov "insane persons confined in this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, and pens! Chained naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience.". This causes humans in 20 states to build or enlarge mental hospitals. (J)
1844 humans with highest employment (superintendent) of 13 asylums in USA form Association of Medical Superintendents of Americn Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII). This group supports use of physical restraints. (J)
1850 US census shows 21 million humans in USA. 15,610 labelled insane (1 in 1,345) (J)
anaesthesia (H145)
compound steam engine (H)
Cayley makes glider (H)
turret lathe (H)
sewing machine (H)
18?? Humans translate cuneiform writing/text/language from 500 BC Darius the Great, king of Persia, ordered 1,306 line text (inscription) carved in mountain in Behistan, Iran. Text is in 3 languages, Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian. (K33-34)
1854 cholera (bacteria?) damage thousands (?) of humans in London, England. Humans reconstruct entire drainage system. (H)
1858 removing clitoris called "clitoridectomy" (surgery) invented by English doctor human (reason? - perhaps because masturbation viewed as a cause of insanity) (J)
1859
Charles Darwin prints "Origin of Species" supporting evolution of life on earth by natural selection and mutation.
safety lift (?) (H)
1860 AD
celluloid (H 145)
oil well (H)
internal combustion engine (H)
Great Eastern (H)
Bessemer converter (H)
typewriter (H)
steam ploughing (H)
antiseptics (?) (H)
1869 AD Francis Galton (cousin of Darwin) has book "Hereditary Genius" printed. Book supports eugenics (stopping reproduction of humans viewed as inferior. (J)
1870
Louis Pasteur connects microbes (microscopic living objects) to disease (human discomfort, pain, damage and death) (H)
accumulator (H 145)
underground railway (H) trains in tunnels
bicycle (H)
open-hearth pricess for steel (H)
margarine (H)
milking machine (H)
pasteurization (H) heating milk before packaging to kill bacteria (?) single and multicell living objects
telephone (H)
Suez canal (H)
pneumatic drills (H)
1874 AD popularity of filling psychiatric hospitals results in average of 432 humans in state hospitals (J)
Civil war in USA
1880 AD 50e6 humans in USA (91,997 labelled insane 1 in 554 humans doubled in 30 years)
phonograph (H145)
radio waves (of photons) (H)
steam turbine (H)
electric trams (?) and trains (H)
dynamite (H) Alfred Nobel
rubber plantations (H)
electric power station (H)
oil tanker (H)
ac electric motor (H)
1880 AD history of Brattleboro, VT describes reaction of Richard Whitney to "drowning therapy" in 1815. (J)
1880 AD 139 mental hospitals in USA (from 18 in 1840) 31,973 humans in mental hospitals .06 of 100. (J)
1882 William Goodell, popular gynocologist human in Pennsylvania, advises castrating mental ill to stop "insane offspring". reports that removing ovaries could cure "ovarian insanity". (J)
1882 AD British humans rule egypt (K5)
1883 Francis Galton uses word "eugenics" from greek word that equals "well born" as a name for the "science" that would improve the human group. Mentaly ill, negro humans, poor humans, humans in jails seen as unfit to reproduce. (J)
?? popular psychiatrist in england, Henry Maudsley, describes insanity as a "fault or flaw in the germ-plasm passing by continuity of substance from generation to generation." (J)
1888 GOttlieb Burckhardt, director of an asylum in Prefarigier, Switzerland removes parts of cerebral cortex to stop "hallucinations", although 1 in 6 humans died. (J)
1890 AD
gasoline/petrol engine (H145)
air tires (pneumatic) (H)
motor car (H) gas engine car
electrochemical aluminum extraction (H)
ekectric cooker (?) (H)
gramophone (H)
electron (H145)
X-rays (photons) (H)
radioactivity (H) photons in gamma, electrons, protons, neutrons
diesel engine (H)
turbine ship (H)
submarine (H)
cinema (H)
1890 AD 74,000 humans in mental hospitals (up from 2,561 in 1840)(J)
1890 AD humans in American Medico-Psychological Association caution against over use of surgically removing uterus or ovaries to "cure" mentally ill (J)
?? Andrew Carnegie reads writings of Herbert Spencer that support eugenics, and supports idea of eugenics. (J)
1891 Victoria Woodhull prints book "The Rapid Multipolication of the Unfit" argues that the "best minds" of the time agree that "imbeciles, criminals, paupers and the otherwise unfit...must not breed." (J)
1892 AD asylum superintendent humans change name of association from AMSAII to American Medico-Psychological Association. (J)
"old maid's insanity", "erotomania", "masturbatory psychosis". "pauperism insanity", "chronic delusional disorder" all names for "diseases" in medical texts. (J)
1895 AD mental hospital McLean superattendent Edward Cowles tells other superattendent humans "The best definition of insanity is that it is a symptom of bodily disease...Thus it is that psychiatry is shown, more than ever before, to be dependent upon general medicine.". This ends the reforms of Pinel against harsh medical and physical torture "treatments". (J)
1896 AD the state of Connecticut is the first state to make a law stopping "insane" humans from marrying. North Dakota and Michigan (5 years in jail and $1,000 fine) make similar laws after. (J)
1900 AD
offshore oil drilling (H210)
quantum theory [more specific] (H210)
alternating current agreed for [USA?] general [buildings] use (H210)
radio signal [photons with radio frequency] send over atlantic ocean got/received in USA (H210)
Caruso is recorded for gramophone (H210)
rigid airship (?) (H210)
escalators (H210)
rayon [invented] (H210)
indigo [invented] (H210)
veronal [medical] made (H210)
hormones recognized (H210)
first effective use of gyro-controlled (?) torpedo (H210)
geothermal energy [used?] (H210)
diode valve [diode invented] (H210)
~1900 AD first processing of sewage before putting sewage in rivers, lakes and oceans. Sewage first passed thru course filter beds, to remove largest solid objects, then chemically processed (?) to precipitate (?) the rest. The sludge (or solid waste) was dumped/put/moved in the ocean, the innocuous liquid (?) was put in rivers. (H)
1904 AD Andrew Carnegie gives Charles Davenport (biology degree from Harvard) money to explore eugenic ideas. Davenport confidently wrote that immigrant humans from Italy, Greece, Hungary and other Southeastern European countries had germ plasm (before DNA) that makes them "more given to crimes of larceny, kidnapping, assault, murder, rape, and sex immorality". According to Davenport Jewish humans inherited genes for "theiving" and "prostitution". Davenport said that mentally ill and other "misfit" humans should not only be sterilized, but also castrated.(J)
1905 AD
Dreadnought battleships [?]
[Albert Einstein] prints Special Theory of Relativity (H210)
triode valve [triode invented] (H210)
first radio "broadcast" (H210)
experimental helicopter (H210)
reinforced concrete bridge [has steel bars inside to bend without concrete breaking?] (H210)
salvarsan [chemical] (H210)
vitamins recognized (H210)
color photo(H210)
Model T Ford (H210)
stainless steel [chromium and steel (iron and carbon) only?] (H210)
1907 AD Indiana is first state to pass a sterilization law printing that "cime, idiocy, and imbecility" is hereditary. (J)
1908 Russian surgeon human, Ludwig Puusepp, tries to cure three depressed patients by cutting into their frontal lobes, but finds no positive results. (J)
1908 Eugen Bleuler uses word "schizophrenia" as a substitute for "dementia praecox" (J)
Thomas Edison - electric light bulb
Bardeen, ..., ... transistor
1st computer - Eniac?
1909 eugenic involuntary sterilization "Asexualization act" passed in California promoted by F W Hatch, after passed, is named superintendent of state mental hospitals. (J)
1910 AD
aerial bomb [?](H210)
[ernest rutherford - cambridge? send beams of alpha particles (two proton/two netron) or beta (electron) particles at thin sheet of gold, finds most go thru, only small amount in ??? reflect back guesses that atoms hav dense center called] atomic nucleus (H210)
first airplane flight over english channel [from france to england] (H210)
bakelite [plastic] invented (H210)
helium made liquid (H210)
Haber- Bosch ammonia synthesis [?] (H210)
isotopes [atoms with same number of protons as a different atom like U235 and U238 92 protons each] thought of (H210)
offset litho printing [?] (H210)
diesel-electric rail car (H210)
hydrogenation of cosal [adding hydrogen to coal] (H210)
thermal oil cracking process (H210)
atomic structure recogized [proton+electron theory?] (H210)
1910 Mary Harriman donates $500,000 over 8 years to Davenport to make "Eugenics Record Office" in Cold Spring Harbor, in order to make eugenic research findings law, John D Rockfeller Jr gives $22,000. (J)
1910 new democratic government mad in Portugal (J)
1911 Charles Davenport prints "Heredity in relation to Eugenics" that in choosing between allowing "mental defectives" to reproduce and killing these humans, he prefered killing. (J)
1913 Iowa passes sterilization law for "criminals, rapists, idiots, feeble-minded, imbeciles, lunatics, drunkards, drug fiends, epileptic, syphilitics, moral, and sexual perverts, and diseased and degenerative persons."(J)
1914 More than 20 states have eugenic laws stopping "insane" from marrying (J)
1914 44 colleges in the USA teach eugenics, including MIT, Harvard, Columbia, Cornell and Brown. (J)
1914 John Harvey Kellogg, (invented of flaked cereal) funds eugenic conference where goal of sterilizing 5.76 humans in the USA over the next 40 years to reduce level of "defective" humans was defined. (J)
1914 AD humans in parliment in Germany do not pass sterilization bill. (J)
1914 AD - 1918 AD world war 1
1915 AD
gas used in war (H210)
panama canal opened (H210)
1st tank made (H210)
1916 Madison Grant NY lawyer and founder of American Eugenics Society prints book "The Passing of the Great Race" contains the text "The laws of nature require the obliteration of the unfit..." (J)
1916 Henry Cotton superintendent of Trenton State Hospital in New Jersey tries to cure "insanity" by removing teeth. Cotton lies about results. Cotton killed more than 100 humans with intestinal surgeries alone. Adolf Meyer, the dean of American psychiatry also involved in 2 eugenic groups, allows Cotton to continue performing useless mutilation surgeries. (J)
1917 "Science of Eugenics" textbook printed, explains that the Eugenics Record Office was quantifying "the burden which the unfit place on their fellow-men." (as if most of these humans were there by choice TPH) (J)
1917 in Pennsylvania hospital for the Insane, humans are "treated" with "hydrotherapy" (a human is strapped into a hammock suspended in a bathtub with the tub covered and a hole for the head. human were left in these tubs for hours and even days)
1917 AD Alan Gardiner looks at objects from Ancient egyptian temple dedicated to goddess Hathor, at Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai peninsula. 11 of inscriptions look like egyptian hieroglyph, but are not egyptian. Gardiner calls this alphabetic language "proto-Semitic". Gardiner thinks human that invented this early alphabet must have been Semitic, not Egyptian, because goddess Hathor is called Ba'lat, a Semitic word/term, and second, according to inscriptions at the site, Semite humans were employed to mine turquoise at Serabit el-Khadim during Dynasty 12. Gardiner thinks that this proto-semitic alphabet made by a Semite human during dynasty 12 (king of egypt = Amenemmes 3 1842-1797 BC) is the alphabet that all other alphabets are descended from. The egyptian humans did not use this new faster alphabet develpoed by humans employed for egyptian humns, and continued to use the hieroglyphs copied from humans of Mesopotamia (Sumerian humans) 1,500 years before in 3100 BC (K30)
1919-1952 Farouk (1935-1852) rules egypt, egypt is independent except for treaty with Britain K5)
1920 AD
first aircraft carrier made (H211)
first human made nuclear transformation [fission?] (H211)
first flight over antlantic ocean (H211)
first airline company forms (H211)
petroleum used as chemical raw material (H211)
public radio broadcasting begins (H211)
technicolor [?] (H211)
autogyro made (H211)
insulin made (H211)
electroencephalograph (H211)
IBM (H211)
1921 American Museum of Natural History hosts Second International Congress on Eugenics, paid for with money from the Carnegie Institution and the Rockefeller Foundation. Museum president Henry Osborn, nephew of JP Morgan opened event saying that humans should "enlighten government in the prevention of the spread and multiplication of worthless members of society". At this event talks were given on "the Jewish Problem", the dangers of "Negro-White Intermixture", and the "Pedigrees of Pauper Stocks". After this meeting, Davenport, Osborn and other eugenic humans try to form national eugenic society, sending a letter that warns of "racial deterioration", and the need to resist the destruction of the "white race".(J)
?? Rockefeller Foundation gives $16e6 over 20 years for departments of psychiatry at medical schools. (J)
1921 nearly 80 of 100 of 3,233 sterilizations done with out consent in the usa are done in California. (J)
1923 New York Times has printed "it is certain that the marraige of two mental defectives ought to be prohibited." (J)
1923 by this year most of the state sterilization laws have been judged unconstitutional, or have been vetoed. Pennsylvania governor Samuel Pennypacker getting booed at dinner after veto says "gentleman, gentleman...you forget you owe me a vote of thanks. Didn't I veto the bill for the castration of you idiots?" (J)
1925 AD
sound film (H211)
radio telephone that can send and get/receive over atlantic (H211)
liquid fuel rocket (H211)
Bauhaus, Dessau [?] (H211)
urea-formaldehyde plastics (H211)
pvc (H211)
penicillin recognized (H211)
mercury-arc rectifier [lamp?] (H211)
first public television service (H211)
quartz crystal clock (H211)
synchromesh gearbox (H211)
prestressed and post stressed concrete (H211)
iron lung [?] (H211)
1925 Adolf Hitler prints "Mein Kampf", supports eugenics, to sterilze humans that are "unfit for procreation" (J)
1925 AD Rockefeller Foundation gives $2.5 million to Psychiatric Institution in Munich, that becomes the leading center in Germany for eugenic research. Money is also given to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics and Eugenics in Berlin used to pay for a national survey of "degenerative traits" in the humans that lived in Germany(J)
1926 The American Eugenics Society (AES) is incorporated. John D Rockefeller Jr gives $10,000, George Eastman or Eastman Kodak gives $20,000, Irving Fisher, employed as professor at Yale was first President. (J)
1926 Portuguese democratic government overthrown by military humans. (J)
1927 humans employed on US Supreme Court vote 8-1 in case Buck vs Bell to support involuntary sterilization. Oliver Wendll Holmes wrote "experience has shown that heredity plays an important part in the transmission of insanity, imbecility, etc." Up to this time the humans in the USA were the only nation with sterilization of mentally ill and other "misfit" humans, no sterilization laws were made in europe or any other part of earth (no intermarraige laws in Germany? tph).(J)
1928 AD Kemal Ataturk, changes alphabet used in Turkey from arabic (28 letters ?? sounds) to roman (26 letters 40 sounds) to modernize with rest of europe. (K29)
1929 272,527 humans in mental hospitals .23 in 100 4x from 1880 (50 years) (J)
1929 Denmark passes sterilization law.
1930 AD
first particle accelerator (H211)
neutron described/found/discovered (H211)
TWX and telex service (H211)
Empire State building (H211)
human made (synthetic) rubber (H211)
electronic television (H211)
front-wheel drive for cars (H211)
concrete roads (H211)
cat's-eye reflectors (H211)
selective herbacide (H211)
sulphonamide drugs (H211)
~1930 Possibly time when first thoughts were heard and images made of thoughts, also machine that can play sounds and images on a brain could have possibly been made in this decade. Possible sources for these brain (or thought) machines were probably either funded by people in corportations, universities or governments (military).
Franz Kallman, chief of research at NY State Psychiatric Institute says all humans must agree that "mankind would be much happier" if human could get rid of humans labeled schitzophrenic, that were not "biologicaly satisfactory individuals". (J)
1933 John Grimes employed by humans in American Medical Association in 1931 to investigate psychiatric hospital in usa concludes that hospitals are not medical but are "legal", many humans that were not ill, but were there "because of unsocial or antisocial manifestations". Grimes is asked to change report, but will not and is let go.(J)
1933 Adolf Hitler takes over government in Germany. Germany passes a sterilization bill. article in New England Journal of Medicine labeled Germany "the most progrssive nation in restricting fecundity (??) among the unfit". (J)
1933 Manfred Sakel, psychiatrist in Berlin, tries to cure "schitzophrenia" by making humams go in to insulin coma. hypoglycmia causes brain damage and this was thought to be good for humans with schitzophrenia ("was starving the diseased cells"). (J)
1934 American Public Health Association praises Germany and mounts exhibit on German sterilization program as example of modern health program. (J)
1935 AD
radar (H211)
mercurial seed dressings (H211)
jet fighter [turbine engine?] (H211)
nuclear fission (H211)
natural gas [methane] [used?] in west europe (H211)
xerography (H211)
ball point pen
pressurized airliner (H211)
Houdry oil-cracking process (H211)
magnetic mine (H211)
photo composition printing (H211)
practical helicopter (H211)
nylon (H211)
DDT (H211)
polythene (H211)
1935 Alexis Carrel, Nobel prize winning doctor human at Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in NY City, prints in book "Man the Unknown", "Why should society not dispose of the criminal and insane in a more economical manner?" (J)
1935 Egas Moniz, at University of Lisbon in Portugal, drills holes in the head of a 63 year old female human, human did prostitution (sex for money), was labelled "paranoid", heard voices, had crippling anxiety (fear), in holes Moniz sprays/squirts/puts absolute alcohol to kill tissue thru dehydration, then sewed back skin. operation takes 30 minutes, female human wakes and appears normal and Moniz says the human is "cured". This surgery/cutting/damaging of brain is called "lobotomy". Lima and Moniz do similar operations on 20 other humans (consent?) destroying more brain tissue each time(J)
?? Walter Freeman amd James Watts perform lobotomies (J)
1937 Earnest Hooton, (teaches at Harvard in anthropology, and AES member) prints book "Apes, Men, and Morons" compares insane to "malignant biological growths".
1937 Fortune magazine poll finds 66 of 100 in favor of sterilizing "defectives". (J)
April, 1938 Ugo Cerletti, head og psychiatry department at Univeristy of Rome, is first to try "electroshock therapy" on a human with no consent. The human called "S.E." is a 39 year old house less male human taken from a railroad station by humans in Rome police taken to Cerletti clinic for observation. eectrocutes male human 3 times 3rd time against verbal objection "non una seconda! Mortifera!" (not a second- it will kill me). With 110 Volts S.E. was sent into a seisure. this electrocuting of humans causes brain damage, (a brutal damage in particular with no constant consent to humans that have never caused any damage TPH)(J)
1939 AD - 1945 World War 2
1939 Humans from Germany attack and kill humans in Poland. (J)
1940 USA President Franklin Roosevelt possibly hints at the existence of brain image and sound machines when saying "I can not ask you to remain neutral in thought".
January 1940 "mentally ill" humans are killed for the first time in Nazi Germany. (J)
08/24/1941 Hitler orders stop of killing of mentally ill, gas chambers (vans- chamber?) (J)
12/7/1941 Thousands of Japanese humans drop bombs on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA.
1941 US Public Health survey shows that 5 in 100 humans die from "insulin therapy" (J)
1942 doctor humans at New York City Bellevue Hospital put 98 humans aged 4 to 11 in a program that included shocking these humans 2 times a day for 20 days (J)
1944 a number of humans killed in Clevland State Hospital from beatings with belts (J)
August 1945 a human from the USA drops a Uranium atom bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.
1945 up to now 45,127 humans have been sterilized (in the usa?), 21,311 were in state mental hospitals. (J)
1945 images of Nazi death camps are seen by majority of humans on earth.
1946 Walter Freeman does "transorbital lobotomy" on hundreds of humans with no consent(J)
1949 Egas Moniz awarded Nobel prize (for frontal lobotomy?) (J)
1950 humans in Ohio find that "insulin therapy may have retarded or prevented recovery" (J)
1952 AD Egypt is independent republic [representative democracy], Gamel Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat are elected presidents (K5)
November 1963 AD US President John Kennedy killed from human in police uniform from the front, Abraham Zubruter films killing with Super 8 film, but film is kept secret for 20-30 years (??) and name and images of human that killed Kennedy is still secret from most humans as late as 2000 AD. Most humas accept theory that Lee Oswald killed Kennedy.
1964 "The White Shirts" is printed by Ellen Field describes the ear of getting electroshock "treatment". (J)
?? Sylvia Plath describes the bad effects of electroshock "therapy" in "The Bell Jar". (J)
?? Dorothy Dundas prints "Beyond Bedlam" describing electroshock and what was happening in psychiatric hospitals (J)
1965 AD italian humans in archaeology report possibly finding archimedes tomb.
Wealthy humans, humans in television, movie, magazine, newspaper, militaries, police, governmets start putting cameras in all buildings and vehicles of earth
TRS80 computer made by humans at Texas Instruments
Isaac Asimov an atheist human, makes book of humans in science
First Apple computer is made by Steve Wozniak
1985 Carl Sagan, [an atheist human], makes Cosmos book and video. First show on television that supports atheism. Sagan says "what if the universe could be understood without the 'God hypothesis'?". Sagan hints that decoding the sounds made from brains may some time be possible but puts a negative opinion on such machines as being a "disquiting possibility".
1985 The National Geographic documentary video "The Incredible Machine" shows images of what a brain sees. The strongest hint I have ever seen that machines that can translate the sounds and images of brains exist. In any event, this video shows evidence, although the source of the 5 second images (an upside down eye chart seen by a human) is not shown, the images give visual proof that at least that any photons any brain sees can be seen with the use of a decoding machine. There is no much doubt for me that by now, both brain image and sound receiving and sending machines are in existence on planet earth.
Tim Ferris makes "Creation of the Universe" video
Linus Torvalds makes Linux UNIX based free operating system for computers.
"Nature" film is made
"Cycles of Life" movie made
Humans measure planets of other stars from change in location and change in foton spectrum of stars.
2000 AD humans that can hear thoughts that are played directly on their brain number in the millions in all major cities of earth.
2000 AD
me, Ted Huntington
humans at Honda make two leg walking robots
humans make antihydrogen, antihelium
NOW - PRESENT
FUTURE
------
2100
humans of earth living in orbit
plants growing in orbit
entire genome of all major species recorded
dna is added and subtracted from living objects
planetary democracy, united nations democratic elections
humans use anti,opposite or negative matter to take apart atoms in to photons for force of steam from heated water [for drilling?] humans can take apart any piece of matter in to original photons
2200
first human made lung
science more popular than religion, more science humans than religious humans
photons reflected off each humans every second of each humans life recorded from at least one angle from birth to death - merged with other databases life lines of images and sounds
humans on earth living on moon
other species living on moon, plants growing on moon
prisons for life that has caused physical damage only, all other non damage causing life is let free
all laws are voted on by humans, most laws do not pass a popular majority of support/approval
no more arrests/hospitalizations/court for images sounds
no laws based on age hold popular opinion
nudity is made legal
drugs are made legal
sex with consent in public is made legal
robots building on earth
2300
atheism more popular than religion on earth, earth moon and mars
humans living on mars
human on human violence down to 1 in 1000000
other species growing on surface of mars
robots building on earth moon
2400
Life (humans and other species) living in buildings moving in orbit of star
robots building on planet mars
fossils of life found on planet mars
robots building on star orbit human made planets
democracy of majority opinions, not representative, most popular living objects
humans can take apart anhy atoms and put back together any atoms up to and including iron.
humans make oxygen and nitrogen from hydrogen, and from photons.
2500
religions/god(s) supported by only 5 of 100 humans, no more cristianity, astrology, muslim, hindi, or buddism
2 to 3 project orions - fission/fusion ships with cameras and radio transmitters to Centauri
life living on moons of jupiter, jupiter orbit
life living on moons of saturn, saturn orbit
evolution of life in less gravity has produced noticalble differences in anatomy of some living objects
2600
star system democracy of most popular opinions (and living objects?) formed
photons of other life found and translated to images
images of planets/matter orbiting centauri stars received in earth star system
2700
another 2 to 3 project orions to sirius
another 2 to 3 project orions to barnard, lalande
photons reflected from life on planet orbiting centauri star
2800
moons of mars moved into star orbit
2900
moons of jupiter moved into star orbit
3000
earth moon moved into star orbit
3100
nuclear fusion/fission ship with life and robots to centauri
3200
life living on matter rotating the stars of Centauri
nuclear fusion/fission ship with life and robots to barnard, lalande
3300
life living on matter orbiting barnard/lalande
nuclear fusion/fission ship with life and robots to sirius
3400
life living in orbit of sirius
3500
human made star
regular ships to and from centauri, population of life orbiting stars of centauri half of life orbiting star planet earth rotates.
3600
ships move from star to star
life grown to 10 star systems
life of earth sees/is seen by life that started on matter of a different star exploring other stars
3700
life of earth touches life that started on matter of a different star exploring other stars
3800
life of earth lives on same planet with life of other star
3900
life of earth and life of other star explore other stars together
4000
life of milky way moves star
4100
life of milky way galaxy moves two stars closer
4200
life of milky way organizes stars uses hydrogen and helium gas in milky way to form larger atoms and molecules
life changes shape of milky way galaxy
4300
5000
6000
10000
milky way is free of hydrogen and helium clouds, nebulas
life of milky way sees life of magellenic clouds (other galaxy)
11000
milky way and other galaxy are moved together
20000-50000-1,000,000-1,000,000,000
matter of universe forms organized (perhaps equal) distribution
OR
matter is spread in such a large amount of space that there is only 1 photon in every trillion cubic meters
OR
the universe "collapses", space is some how made less while the amount of matter stays the same (unless matter can be made from empty space), all the matter in the universe moves back to a single point and perhaps another universe is started or born.
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Sources
A - "Who Wrote the Bible" - Richard Elliot Friedman
B - "The Last Two Million Years", Reader's Digest History of Man
D - "Cycles of Life", CCCD video
E - "Life on Earth" video with Attenboro
F- Asimov "Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology"
G- "Cosmos", Carl Sagan video
H- "A History of Invention", Trevor I Williams
I - James Haught, "Holy Horror"
J- "Mad in America", Robert Whitaker
K- "Introducing Egyptian Hieroglyphs", Barbara Watterson