TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
995,000,000,000 YBN	11) There is no time I can identify as the start of the universe, the universe has no beginning and no end; perhaps the same photons that have always been in the universe continue to move in the space that has always been.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter.
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All of the matter is made of particles of light humans have named "photons". Photons are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Photons generally move 300 million meters every second in a line, but as pieces of matter, can be slightly slowed from the force of gravity, and stop for an instant when they collide.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Matter is attracted to other matter and so photons form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, molecule groups (like all of life of earth), planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the hundreds of billions of galaxies we can see are only a tiny part of the universe. 1 Most of the galaxies in the universe we will never see because they are too far away for even 1 particle of light from them to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, or are captured by atoms between here and there. 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies) 2. ^ Ted Huntington
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) The patterns in the universe are clear. Photons form gas clouds of Hydrogen and Helium, these gas clouds, called nebuli condense to form galaxies of stars. The stars emit photons back out into the rest of the universe, where they collect and form clouds again. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of those planets intelligent life evolves. This life moves their stars out of spiral galaxies to form globular clusters, and ultimately to transform spiral galaxies into elliptical galaxies that travel the universe looking for more matter to fuel their movement. It may very well be that stars at this scale are photons, spiral galaxies charged particles, globular galaxies neutral particles, and galactic clusters atoms at a much larger scale in an infinite macro and micro scale.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington
880,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Galaxy forms, perhaps from a gas cloud that formed by capturing matter in the form of light from other stars, from the remains of a previously destroyed galaxy, or some combination of the two.
5,500,000,000 YBN 1	16) The yellow star earth will eventually orbit forms, perhaps in a nebula, when matter in the nebula starts accumulating and rotating as a result of gravity, or from the remains of an exploded star that condensed again under the influence of gravity. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington
5,000,000,000 YBN	22) Heavier atoms in the star system move closer to the center and lighter atoms are sent farther out.
4,600,000,000 YBN	17) Planets form around star. Terrestrial planets are red hot, have surface of melted rock, all lighter atoms float to the surface of the molten planets. All the H2O from the first earth oceans and lakes is in the atmosphere in gas form.
4,600,000,000 YBN	30) Moon of earth is formed by 1 of 3 ways: 1) spherical planet collides with earth, moon forms from remaining matter in ring around earth. 2) spherical planet is caught in earth orbit 3) moon of earth forms naturally from original matter of star system in orbit around earth.
4,571,000,000 YBN 3 4	31) Oldest meteorite yet found on earth 4,571 million years old.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm 3. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years) 4. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571 come from?
4,530,000,000 YBN	33) Oldest Moon rock returned from Apollo missions (4.53 billions old).
LIFE
4,500,000,000 YBN	50) Start Precambrian Eon, Hadean Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4,450,000,000 YBN	21) Planet earth cools, molten rock cools into thin crust, H2O condenses from the atmosphere by raining, filling the lowest parts of land to make the first earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
4,404,000,000 YBN	34) Oldest "terrestrial" (not from meteorite) zircon yet found on earth, 4.404 billion years old, from Gneiss in West Australia, is evidence that the crust and liquid water were on the surface of earth 4.4 billion years before now.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects are created on earth. These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and or atmosphere of earth (or other planets) by lightning, photons with ultraviolet frequency from the star, or ocean floor volcanos.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) How nucleic acids (polymers made of nucleotides), proteins (polymers made of amino acids), carbohydrates (polymers made of sugars) and lipids (glycerol attached to fatty acids) evolved is not clearly known. Some proteins and nucleic acids have been formed in labs by using clay which can dehydrate and which provides long linear crystal structures to build proteins and nucleic acids on. Amino acids join together to form polypeptides when an H2O molecule is formed from a Hydrogen (H) on 1 amino acid and a hydroxyl (OH) on the second. Are all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA the products of living objects? Is RNA the only molecule of these that was made without the help of living objects? The most popular theory now has RNA (and potentially lipids) evolving first before any living objects. There is still a large amount of experiment, exploration and education that needs to be done to understand the origins of living objects on planet earth. My opinion is that as soon as there was liquid water on the earth, 4.4 billion years before now, as zircon crystals show, the construction of living objects started on earth.
4,390,000,000 YBN	25) RNA duplication evolves. Perhaps RNA molecules, called "ribozymes" evolved which can make copies of RNA, by connecting free floating nucleotides that match a nucleotide on the same or a different RNA, without any proteins. But until such ribozyme RNA molecules are found, the only molecule known to copy nucleic acids are proteins called polymerases. If such ribozymes exist, then one of the first coded instructions on the RNA molecule that was the ancestor of every living species, must have been the code to make this ribozyme.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) Protein assembly evolves with the creation of various Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Random mutations in the copying (and perhaps even in the natural formation) of RNA molecules probably created a number of the necessary tRNAs (transfer RNA, an RNA molecule responsible for matching free floating amino acid molecules to 3 nucleotide sequences on other RNA molecules). This would be a precellular protein assembly system, where tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules can build polypeptide chains of amino acids by linking directly to other RNA strands. Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, and a 3 nucleotide sequence from a different part of the tRNA molecule bonds with the opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an (m)RNA molecule. Since there are tRNA molecules for each amino acid (although some tRNAs can attach to more than one amino acid?), there must have been a slow accumulation of various tRNA molecules for each of the 20 amino acids used in constructing polypeptides in cells living now. Perhaps after the evolution of the first tRNA, the first polypeptides were chains of all the same one amino acid. With the evolution of a second tRNA polypeptides would have more variety because now two amino acids would be available to build polypeptides. This polypeptide assembly system may exist freely in water, or within a liposome1 . This sytem builds many more proteins than would be built without such a system. The mRNA with the code to make copier RNA, now also contains the code to produce various tRNA molecules. These molecules function as a unit, and proto-cell, with the rest of the mRNA initially containing random codes for random proteins. For the first time, RNA code represents a template for other RNA molecules, but also a template for building proteins with the help of tRNA molecules. There is some question of where the origin of the first cell took place, near volcanos on the ocean floor, or in fresh water lakes and tidal pools near volcanos on land, because unprotected nucleic acids cannot exist for much time in the ocean because of Sodium and Chlorine. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). supports liposome theory
4,380,000,000 YBN	168) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) evolves. Ribosomal RNA moves down mRNA molecules functioning as a platform for bringing the mRNA and tRNA molecules together to assemble polypeptides (proteins). This rRNA serves as an early ribosome; objects that serve as sites for building polypeptides and are found in every cell. As time continues the ribosome will grow to include two more RNA molecules, some protein molecules, and a second half that will make polypeptide construction more efficient. The rRNA serves the purpose of bringing amino acids close enough to bond with each other to form polypeptides. As an rRNA moves down an mRNA, tRNA molecules bond with the mRNA and on the opposite side of the tRNA, a matching amino acid (separates? from the tRNA and) attaches to a growing polypeptide chain. Now the mRNA that is the ancestral/progenitor of all of life, contains the code for the copier RNA, tRNAs, and the rRNA molecule. These nucleic acids function as a unit, and proto-cell.
4,375,000,000 YBN	211) The first protein of real importance is built, an RNA polymerase. A molecule that can more efficiently copy RNA.
4,370,000,000 YBN	41) A ribonucleotide reductase protein is built by the early ribosome protein making protocell. This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides. This allows the first DNA molecule on earth to be assembled. Ribonucleotide reductase may be the molecule that allowed DNA to be the template for the line of cells that survived to now.
4,365,000,000 YBN	212) A DNA polymerase protein evolves to copy DNA by assembling DNA nucleotides from other DNA molecules.
4,360,000,000 YBN	166) An RNA molecule evolves that causes the early ribosome to create reverse transcriptase, a protein that can assemble DNA molecules from an RNA molecule template. With this advance, a DNA molecule can be constructed that has all of the code that was stored on the long evolved RNA molecule. DNA now serves as a more stable template for making mRNA, each tRNA, rRNA, and the RNA and DNA polymerases. RNA polymerase proteins build RNA molecules using the new DNA template, that still perform their original polypeptide building function together with the tRNA and rRNA molecules, but are labeled "mRNA" (Messenger RNA) because they move from DNA to ribosome.
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell membrane evolves around DNA, made of proteins. This membrane holds water inside a cell. This is the first cell. rRNA comparison shows that this is most likely a eubacterium.1 DNA produces instructions for cytoplasm, the cytoplasm is assembled from proteins made by the ribosome. For the first time, DNA and ribosomes are building cell structure. The templates for each tRNA, rRNA, mRNA and DNA polymerase proteins are already coded in a central strand of DNA. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and copy. This cell is heterotrophic and has no metabolism to produce ATP. Amino acids, nucleotides, H2O, and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration from inside and outside the cell (passive transport) and represent the beginnings of the first digestive system. This either happens in fresh water lakes or in salty oceans, perhaps near lava vents on or under the ocean floor. As this line of DNA continues to make copies of itself, all copies now have cytoplasm. The DNA is composed mainly of instructions to assemble the nucleic acids and proteins needed to build ribosomes, polymerases and cytoplasm. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on earth. These first cells are anaerobic (do not require free oxygen) and heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their own food: amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars. These bacteria depend on these molecules and photons in the form of heat to reproduce and grow. A system of division must evolve which attaches the original and newly synthesized copy of DNA to the cytoplasm, so that as the cell grows, the two copies of DNA can be separated and the first membraned cells can divide into two cells. This is the beginning of the "binary fission" method of cell division. Division of the cell begins with the division of the DNA membrane-attachment site and separates by the growth of new cytoplasm. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ source for eubacteria as oldest rRNA. Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). p48 first step in prokaryote division is membrane-attachment site divides. prokaryote DNA attaches to cell membrane, and new membrane growth moves apart
4,350,000,001 YBN	26) Perhaps DNA that is connected in a circle allows the DNA polymerase to make continuous copies of the cell.
4,345,000,000 YBN	195) Proteins that actively transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm (facilitative diffusion) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
4,340,000,000 YBN	23) The first viruses are made either from bacteria, or are initially bacteria. These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. Over time, more effective, and efficient virus designs will survive.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now make ATP from glucose and eventually other monosaccharides, the end product is pyruvate. The glycolysis equation is: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now make more ATP and convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to lactate (an ionized form of lactic acid).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
4,325,000,000 YBN	213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to ethanol.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
4,320,000,000 YBN 1	183) Cells evolve that make proteins that can assemble lipids. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ find biomarker evidence
4,315,000,000 YBN	196) Cells that use both proteins and metabolism (ATP) to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm (active transport) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
4,310,000,000 YBN	76) Pili, plasmids and conjugation evolves in prokaryotes. Now some prokaryotes can exchange circular pieces of DNA (plasmids), through tubes (pili). Conjugation may be the process that led to sex (cellular fusion) and also the transition from a circle of DNA to chromosomes in eukaryotes, since some protists (cilliates and some algae) reproduce sexually by conjugation.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
4,307,000,000 YBN	292) Prokaryote flagella evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
4,305,000,000 YBN	64) Operons, sequences of DNA that allow certain proteins coded by DNA to not be built, evolve. Proteins bind with these DNA sequences to stop RNA polymerase from building mRNA molecules which would be translated into proteins. Operons allow a bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
4,304,500,000 YBN	322) Nitrogen fixation evolves in eubacteria.
4,304,000,000 YBN	287) Multicellularity in the form of filment growth evolves in prokaryotes.
4,302,000,000 YBN 1	316) Cell differentiation in prokaryotes evolve. Heterocysts evolve in cyanobacteria. Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed by some filamentous cyanobacteria during nitrogen starvation. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Heterocyst". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyst
4,300,000,000 YBN	58) First autotrophic cells, cells that can produce some if not all of their own food (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, phophates, lipids, and carbohydrates), but require phosphorus, nitrogen, CO2, water and light in the form of heat.1 There are only 2 kinds of autotrophy: Lithotrophy and Photosynthesis. These are lithotrophic cells that change inorganic (abiotic) molecules into organic molecules. These cells are archaebacteria, called methanogens that perform the reaction: 4H2 + CO2 -> CH4 + 2H2O. They convert CO2 into Methane. Methane is better than CO2 for trapping heat, and could have contributed to heating the earth. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4,295,000,000 YBN	49) First photosynthetic cells. These cells only have Photosystem I. Photosynthesis Photosystem I evolves in early anaerobic prokaryote cells. One of two photosythesis systems, photosystem I uses a pigment chlorophyll A, absorbs photons in 700 nm wave lengths best, breaking the bond betwenn H2 and S. They are anaerobic and perform the reaction: H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide) + CO2 + light -> CH2O (Formaldehyde) + 2S.
4,290,000,000 YBN	43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves in early prokaryote cells. Photosystem 2 absorbs photons best at 680nm wavelengths, a higher frequency of light than Photosystem I. These cells can break the strong Hydrogen bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen in water molecules (more abundant than Sulphur). This system emits free Oxygen.1 The simple equation of photosynthesis is: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + photons = C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. The detailed steps of photosynthesis are called the "Calvin Cycle". Prokaryote cells can now produce their own glucose to store and be converted to ATP by glycolysis and fermentation later. This sytem is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of earth. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.htmlhttp://www.ebi.a c.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
4,280,000,000 YBN 2	57) Cellular Respiration (also called the "Citric Acid Cycle", and the "Krebs Cycle") evolves, probably in cyanobacteria, as a substitute for fermentaton, by using oxygen to break down the products of glycolysis, pyruvic acid, to CO2 and H2O, producing 18 more ATP molecules.1 This is the first aerobic cell, a cell that has an oxygen based metabolism. This cell uses oxygen to convert glucose (and eventually other sugars and fats) into CO2, H2O and ATP. For example, cells that oxidize glucose perform the reaction: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP This reaction (with glycolysis) can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration is the opposite (although the specific reactions differ) of photosynthesis which starts with H2O and CO2 and produces glucose. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Aerobic organism". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism 2. ^ Ted Huntington,. my own guess based on absence of published information
4,250,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12 13 14	77) There are many widely varying estimates of when the first Eubacteria and Archaea evolved. Eubacteria and Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) are the two major lines of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the most primitive living objects ever found. In contrast to the later evolved Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes have a circle of DNA located in their cytoplasm (not chromosomes) and have no nucleus. At least one genetic comparison shows Eubacteria and Archaea evolving now.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 After the full genomes of all living species are known, and understood we will have more certainty about the history of evolution. Many genetic trees are based on DNA genes (sequences of DNA that define nucleic acids or proteins). In particular the genes for ribosomal RNA are thought to be very conserved over time, although perhaps genes for reproduction, or cytoplasm, for example may later prove to be more conserved over time. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929_fs.html 2. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) 5. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my 8. ^ http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929_fs.html 9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my) 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my) 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my) 12. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my (1800my) 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my) 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my (3970my)
4,112,000,000 YBN 4	180) The Archaea Phylum, Euryarchaeotes evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ nature v417 n6886 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4,112,000,000 YBN 4	181) The Archaea Phylum, Crenarchaeotes evolves.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ nature v417 n6886 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3,977,000,000 YBN 3	193) Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" (Aquifex, Thermotoga, etc.) evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3,850,000,000 YBN	36) The oldest sediment on earth is also the oldest Banded Iron Formation, on Akilia Island in Western Greenland. The oldest evidence for life on earth was found in this rock by measuring the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 13 in grains of apatite (calcium phosphate) from this rock. Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and not Carbon-13 and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (calcium carbonate or limestone).1 2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html
3,850,000,000 YBN	45) This marks the beginning of the Banded Iron Formation Rocks. These rocks are sedimentary. They are made of iron rich chert (silicates, like SiO2). These rocks have alternative bands of orange or yellow and black. In the red parts the iron is oxydized (contains iron oxides, either hematite {Fe2O3 = rust} or magnetite {Fe3O4]}).1 2 3 4 5 These bands may have formed because photosynthetic bacteria (in stromatolites found in shallow ocean shores, and purple bacteria floating in water) produce oxygen from CO2 during photosynthesis. When the level of oxygen in the water became too high, many bacteria died, and this cycle created the BIF. But BIF also may form naturally when photons in uv frequencies split H2O into H2 and O2. So perhaps the BIF bands represent cycles of more or less uv light reaching the earth. Perhaps the alternating phenomenon is similar to eukaryotic algal blooms. In any event, this free oxygen bonded with the many tons of iron dissolved in the water to form insoluable iron oxide which then fell to the ocean floor to form the orange layers of Banded Iron Formation. How these alternating bands are made is not clear and has not yet been duplicated in a lab. This cycle of alternating orange and black bands will continue for 2 billion years until 1,800 million years before now. This is the beginning of oxygen production on earth, the atmosphere of earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation
3,800,000,000 YBN	51) End Hadean Era, start Archean Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3,800,000,000 YBN 3	185) Isoprene compounds from Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation sediment are evidence of the existence of Archaea.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeafr.html 2. ^ Jürgen Hahn & Pat Haug. 1986. Traces of Archaebacteria in ancient sediments. System. Appl. Microbiol. 7: 178-183. (Archaebacteria '85 Proceedings). 3. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeafr.html
3,760,000,000 YBN 2	186) Sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) and Hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) detected in 3760 billion year old Isua Banded Iron Formation, indicate the possibility of photosynthetic sulfate reducing bacteria (Archaea, for example Sulpholobus) and Cyanobacteria living at that time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Systematic and Applied Microbiology, Vol 7, pp 178-183 1986 2. ^ Systematic and Applied Microbiology, Vol 7, pp 180-189 1986
3,700,000,000 YBN 2	184) Amount of Uranium isotope measured in Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation evidence of prokaryote Oxygen photosynthesis.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 217, Issues 3-4 , 15 January 2004, Pages 237-244U-rich "Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland - indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis" Minik T. Rosing and Robert Frei 2. ^ Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 217, Issues 3-4 , 15 January 2004, Pages 237-244U-rich "Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland - indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis" Minik T. Rosing and Robert Frei
3,500,000,000 YBN	37) The oldest fossil evidence of life yet found. Stromatolites made by photosynthetic bacteria found in both Warrawoona, Western Australia, and Fig Tree Group, South Africa.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ nature feb 6, 1986 2. ^ nature apr 3, 1980
3,500,000,000 YBN	39) Oldest fossils of an organism, thought to be cyanobacteria, found in 3,500 Million Year old chert from South Africa and 3,465 Million year old Apex chert of north-western Australia.1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ warrawoona Nature416, 73 - 76 (07 Mar 2002) Letters to Nature http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416073a_fs.html 2. ^ swaziland Nature 314, 530-532 (11 Apr 1985) Letters to Editor "Filamentous microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa" 3. ^ argues that these are not fossils: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420476b.html "we contend that the Raman spectra of Schopf et al.1 indicate that these are disordered carbonaceous materials of indeterminate origin. We maintain that Raman spectroscopy cannot be used to identify microfossils unambiguously, although it is a useful technique for pinpointing promising microscopic entities for further investigation." 4. ^ http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020304/full/020304-6.html "Gloves are coming off in ancient bacteria bust-up." 2002 5. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416076a.html braiser et al. "Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils"
3,470,000,000 YBN 2	182) Sulphate fossil molecular marker evidence of moderate thermophile sulphur reducing prokaryotes from North Pole, Australia.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v410/n6824/full/ 410077a0_fs.html 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v410/n6824/full/ 410077a0_fs.html
3,470,000,000 YBN 2	216) Evidence of sulphate reduction by bacteria.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v410/n6824/full/410077a0.html 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v410/n6824/full/410077a0.html
3,416,000,000 YBN 2	218) Fossil and molecular evidence of photosynthetic, probably anoxygenic, bacteria that lived in mats in the ocean date to this time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7008/full/nature02888.html 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7008/full/nature02888.html
3,260,000,000 YBN 1	71) Budding evolves in prokayotes. Different from binary division, where a cell is split in half, in budding, a new complete cell is made in the original cell, and the new cell bursts through the cell wall, the original cell wall must then be repaired. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Record ID 191. "Universe, life, Science Future". Ted Huntington. (based on my own estimate based on fossils from id191) (3.4)
3,250,000,000 YBN	191) Fossils from Swartkoppie chert, South Africa are oldest evidence of procaryotes that reproduce by budding and not binary fission.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBP-42G6M5T-7&_user=4 422&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2001&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_cdi=5932&view=c&_acct=C000 059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=d61bf36f008d6b2cba3ba5dbd5a628d 7&ref=full#bib9 MORE INFO [1] (maybe evidence): ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE I ABTEILUNG Pflug, H.D., 1982. Early diversification of life in the Archean. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. I.Abt. Orig. C3, pp. 53-64.?
3,235,000,000 YBN	68) Thermophilic prokaryote fossils found in 3235 million year old deep-sea volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits from the Pilbara Craton of Australia may be oldest Archaea fossils.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nature 405, 676 - 679 (08 June 2000); doi:10.1038/35015063 Filamentous microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit BIRGER RASMUSSEN
2,923,000,000 YBN 4	178) Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (low G+C {Guanine and Cytosine count} Gram positive) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan [2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes
2,800,000,000 YBN 5	177) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of all Proteobacteria (Rickettsia {mitochondria}, gonorrhoea, Salmonella, E coli) evolving now.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] multicellularity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria
2,784,000,000 YBN 2	176) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes (Planctobacteria) evolving now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/6/1965 [2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/research/0031 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes
2,784,000,000 YBN 6	179) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria (high G+C, Gram positive) evolving now.1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 3. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 4. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2,775,000,000 YBN 2	174) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (Syphilis, Lyme disease) evolving now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
2,775,000,000 YBN 3 4	175) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phyla Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 3. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
2,775,000,000 YBN 2	217) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phyla Chlamydiae and Verrucomicrobia evolving now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
2,760,000,000 YBN 1	80) Endocytosis, a process where the cell membrane folds around some molecules to form a spherical vesicle which enters the cytoplasm, and exocytosis, the opposite process, where a vesicle combines with a call membrane to empty molecules outside a cell both evolve in an early eukaryote cell. Eukaryote cells can now swallow bacteria (phagocytosis) and liquid (pinocytosis). The cells can then (heterotrophically) use the molecules injested (for example a bacterium) for copying and to make ATP. This is the first time one cell can eat a different living cell. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ guess based on Cav-Smith saving endo before cytoskeleton
2,750,000,000 YBN 4	207) Cytoskeleton evolves in eukaryote cytoplasm.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 2. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 3. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 4. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same materia as cytoskeleton
2,725,000,000 YBN 11	60) First eukaryotic cell evolves.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This cell has a nucleus, with either single strands or a circle of DNA inside. This is a single anaerobic cell. This is the first protist. This cell evolves either by: 1) two or more bacteria joined, one with flagella (perhaps a eubacteria) formed the nucleus, a second formed the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, eventually the code to build the entire cell including the instructions to build the symbiotic captured bacteria was included in the new nucleus, 2) the nucleus formed as part of the cytoplasm lattice, perhaps the outer wall folded in on itself creating a double membrane, or a membrane grew around the DNA (for example like planctobacteria) which provided more protection for the DNA from the movement and digestive activities of cytoplasm now without a rigid cell wall, 3) a bacteria with flagella that grew cytoplasm and a secondary cell wall outside the original cell wall, 4) a virus, 5) a DNA strand from conjugation with a different prokaryote stored in a vesicle. There are key features that are different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes: 1) Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not. 2) DNA in eukaryotes is in the form of chromosomes, in prokaryotes the DNA is in a circle. 3) Eukaryotes can do endocytosis, fold their cell membrane around some external object and injest the object, prokaryotes can not. 4) Eukaryotes have a membrane lattice of proteins, actin and myacin, prokaryotes do not. 5) Eukaryotes have an endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body. 6) Eukaryotes reproduce asexually by dual binary division (both nucleus and cell divide by binary division), budding, or mitosis, prokaryotes reproduce by budding or binary division. If the nucleus is an engulfed prokaryote, this cell inherits the processes of nuclear DNA duplication and nucleus division (karyokinesis) from prokaryote binary division. Initially, both the nucleus and cell divide by binary division. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nature 396, 109 - 110 (12 November 1998); doi:10.1038/24030 Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection MICHAEL W. GRAY 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Nature 392, 15 - 16 (05 March 1998); doi:10.1038/32033 A paradigm gets shifty W. FORD DOOLITTLE 4. ^ (h2 symbiosis) The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists Lynn Margulis*, Michael F. Dolan* , and Ricardo Guerrero file:/root/web/euk_nucleo6954.pdf 5. ^ "Planctomycetes a phylum of emerging interest for microbial evolution and ecology John A. Fuerst" planctomycetes_a1.pdf and fuerst1.pdf 6. ^ Nature 392, 37 - 41 (05 March 1998); doi:10.1038/32096 The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote WILLIAM MARTIN* AND MIKLÓS MÜLLER† 7. ^ Nature 431, 152 - 155 (09 September 2004); doi:10.1038/nature02848 The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes MARIA C. RIVERA1,3,4 AND JAMES A. LAKE1,2,4 8. ^ Science, Vol 305, Issue 5685, 766-768 , 6 August 2004 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: The Birth of the Nucleus Elizabeth Pennisi 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).0) origin of nuclear membrane/envelope, is anaerobic eukorig1 thru eukorig7 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001).
2,725,000,000 YBN 5	65) DNA in the nucleus changes from a single circular chromosome to linear chromosomes.1 2 3 4 Possibly the prokaryote ancestor of the first eukaryote had linear chromosomes since some prokaryotes (although very few) are known to have linear chromosomes instead of or in addition to a single circular chromosome. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ not all prokaryotes has circle of DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1. 391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO 2. ^ Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline) 3. ^ Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H, Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83 4. ^ Marconi RT, Casjens S, Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61 5. ^ Ted Huntington, my guess due to absence of published info
2,720,000,000 YBN	208) A eukaryote flagellum (cilium, undulipodium) evolves on early single cell eukaryotes.
2,720,000,000 YBN	291) For the first time, a cell is not constantly synthesizing DNA and then having a division period (as is the case for all known prokaryotes), but this cell has a period in between cell division and DNA synthesis where DNA synthesis is not performed. Later some cells develop a stage after synthesis and before cell division.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p45
2,719,000,000 YBN 3	302) If the first eukaryote nucleus was a prokaryote, synchronized duplication and division of organelle-nucleus and cytoplasm of early eukaryote cell evolves. Before this, eukaryote cell division usually results in one cell with no organelle-nuclei and a second cell with 2 organelle-nuclei. Perhaps the organelle-nuclei attach to the outer cell membrane in the same way the cytoplasmic DNA do, which allows new cytoplasm growth to separate the two organelle-nucleus in addition to the cytoplasmic DNA.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ based loosely on S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). 3. ^ based loosely on S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001).
2,715,000,000 YBN	72) Mitosis, asexual copying of a haploid (single set of chomosomes) eukaryote nucleus, evolves in eukaryotes. Before mitosis, there is a synthesis stage where DNA in the form of chromosomes are duplicated in the nucleus before the nucleus and cell divide.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 2. ^ BruscaCh05.pdf pleuromitosis, orthomitosis
2,710,000,000 YBN 5 6	73) Sex (cell and genetic fusion, syngamy, gametogamy) evolves in protists. Haploid (1 set of chromosomes) eukaryote cells merge and then their nuclei merge (karyogamy) to form the first diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) cells (the first zygote).1 2 This fusion of 2 haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which then immediately divides (both nucleus and cytoplasm by single-division meiosis) back to two haploid cells. Possibly first, only cytoplasmic merging happened with nuclear merging (karyogamy) and nuclear division (karyokinesis) evolving later. Now, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more chance of variety/mutation. Two chromosome sets provides a backup copy of important genes (sequences that code for proteins, or nucleic acids) that might be lost with only a set of single chromosomes. The life cycle of future organisms will now have two phases, a gamophase (from n to 2n (until syngamy3 )), and zygophase (from 2n to n (until meiosis4 )). Gamoid cells are not haploid in polyploid organisms. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was) 6. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now)
2,710,000,000 YBN	206) Meiosis (one-step meiosis, one DNA duplication and a cell division of a diploid cell into 2 haploid cells) evolves.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
2,706,000,000 YBN	299) Duplication of diploid DNA (after 2 haploid cells fuse) evolves.
2,705,000,000 YBN	210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves. This begins the "diplontic" life cycle (with gametic meiosis), where diploid cells (a zygote) can copy asexually through mitosis after merging. This organism, when haploid, cannot do mitosis (presumably haploid gamete mitosis will evolve much later in brown algae), and this is still true in all descendents (including humans) of this single celled organism.
2,704,000,000 YBN	296) The origin of gender evolves: sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two isogamous (same size) gametes but which have 2 different (+ and -) forms (genders).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
2,703,000,000 YBN	297) Sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two different size gamete cells (heterogamy or anisogamy) evolves in protists.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) Oldest steranes (formed from sterols, molecules made by mitochondria in eukaryotes) found in northwestern Australia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2
2,692,000,000 YBN	300) Diploid cell fusion (Gamontogamy) evolves.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). p76,p79 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/clevelan.html 3. ^ arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.17.100163.002105 diatoms do gamontogamy gamontogomy_diatoms_annurev.mi.17.100163.002105.pdf 4. ^ http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 (saved html file)
2,690,000,000 YBN	295) Meiosis (two step meiosis, two cell divisions with no stage in between which result in one diplid cell dividing into four haploid cells) evolves.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
2,650,000,000 YBN 2	170) First bacteria live on land.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my)
2,558,000,000 YBN 2	171) Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus (Thermus Aquaticus {used in PCR}, Deinococcus radiodurans {can survive long exposure to radiation}) evolve now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
2,558,000,000 YBN 3 4	172) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria (ancestor of all eukaryote chloroplasts {plastids}) evolving now. There is a conflict between the interpretation of the geological and the genetic evidence as to if oxygen photosynthesis and cyanobacteria evolved earlier around 3800mybn or here at 2500mybn.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). [3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue: Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200 [4] Phylogenetic Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria
2,558,000,000 YBN 2	315) Phylum Chloroflexi, (Green Non-Sulphur) evolve now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). [2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/
2,500,000,000 YBN	52) End Archean Era, Start Proterozoic Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2,500,000,000 YBN	56) Banded Iron Formations start to appear in many places.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ greenspirit.uk
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Very large ice age that lasts 200 million years starts now.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2,335,000,000 YBN 2	290) The nucleolus, a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomes, evolves.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 2. ^ Ted Huntington guess
2,330,000,000 YBN	198) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum evolves in eukaryote cell.
2,325,000,000 YBN	199) Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus, dictyosome) evolves in eukaryote cell.
2,310,000,000 YBN	200) The golgi body in eukaryote cells makes lysosomes which fuse with endosomes. The various molecules in lysosomes digest the contents of the endosome, which then exits the cell as waste.
2,305,000,000 YBN	63) A parasitic bacterium, a bacterium that can only live in other bacteria, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic alpha-proteobacteria that causes louse-borne typhus, enters an early eukaryote cell. As time continues a symbiotic relationship evolves, where the Rickettsia forms the mitochondria, organelles of every euokaryote cell. The mitochondria perform the Acid Citric Cycle (Krebs Cycle), using oxygen to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O, and provide up 38 ATP molecules. Mitochondria reproduce by themselves, and are not created by the DNA in the cell nucleus. As time continues some of the DNA from the mitochondria merges with the cell nucleus DNA. Mitochondria produce sterol used to make the eukaryote cell wall flexible. Because mitochondria need Oxygen, but the level of oxygen is very low on earth, oxygen may be provided by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria living near these cells. All eukaryotes alive today either have mitochondria except the amitochondriate excavates (metamonads), the most ancient of the eukaryotes alive today. That parabasalids have hydrogenosomes, anaerobic organelles that seem to have evolved from mitochondria, many people think amitochondriate species lost their mitochondria over time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://comenius.susqu.edu/BI/202/Protists/EUKARYA-DOMAIN.htm
2,303,000,000 YBN 4	203) Bikonts (two cilia) evolve from Unikonts (one cilium). Bikonts (also called anterokonts for having anterior {forward facing} cilia) will evolve into the vast majority of the Protist and all of the Plant Kingdoms. The Unikonts will evolve into the ameobozoa (tenatively), and the opisthokonts (ancestrally posterior cilium) which include the entire Fungi and Animal Kingdoms.1 2 3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Nucleic Acids Research Pages 865-878 v26 4 865 MW Gray, BF Lang, R Cedergren, GB Golding, C Lemieux, D Sankoff, M Turmel, N Brossard, E Delage, TG Littlejohn, I Plante, P Rioux, D Saint-Louis, Y Zhu, and G Burger 2. ^ Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563, 2003 56:540-563 Cavalier-Smith Journal of Molecular Evolution Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao 3. ^ Cav-Smith science vol297 issue 5578 07-05-2002 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). MORE INFO [1] THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). [2] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). [3] Michael W. Gray, B. Franz Lang, Robert Cedergren, G. Brian Golding, Claude Lemieux, David San, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Oxford Journals, (1997).
2,300,000,000 YBN	47) Most recent evidence of uraninite, a mineral that cannot exist for much time if exposed to oxygen, indicating that free oxygen is accumulating in the air of earth for the first time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest Red Beds, iron oxide formed on land, begin here and are evidence of more free oxygen in the air of earth.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
2,300,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	219) Genetic comparison shows the oldest line of eukaryotes still in existence, the oldest living protists, in the Phylum "Metamonada" (Excavates) originating now. 1 2 3 This is where the eukaryote line is created and separates from the archaebacteria (archaea) line. Most of these species have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. Mitochondria are thought to have been lost secondarily, although this is not certain. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2,000,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10	293) Genetic comparison shows the the Eukaryote Phylum "Loukozoa" (Jakobea and Malawimonadea) originating now. These species have mitochondria with tubular cristae, and are the most ancient species that still have mitochondria.1 2 3 4 This species is the most ancient known species to have a shell. This first hard shells (lorika) made of calcium carbonate (Calcite CaCO3), plates of silica (SiO2), or carbon-based molecules evolve around the single-celled species living in the ocean. 5 Perhaps this shell served to protect the cell from external damage from being eaten by other eukaryotes (zooplankton), infection by bacteria or viruses, control of buoyancy, to filter UV light, against damage by non-living sources. 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S. L. Baldauf, "The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes", Science 13 June 2003: Vol. 300. no. 5626, pp. 1703 - 1706 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085544, (2003). 5. ^ http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Lorica 6. ^ "Coccolith". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolith 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ estimate from S. L. Baldauf, "The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes", Science 13 June 2003: Vol. 300. no. 5626, pp. 1703 - 1706 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085544, (2003).
1,990,000,000 YBN	202) Eukaryotes with discoidal cristae mitochondria split from the tubular christae line.1 This is the origin of the Discicristata: species that have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nucleic Acids Research Pages 865-878 v26 4 865 MW Gray, BF Lang, R Cedergren, GB Golding, C Lemieux, D Sankoff, M Turmel, N Brossard, E Delage, TG Littlejohn, I Plante, P Rioux, D Saint-Louis, Y Zhu, and G Burger 2. ^ Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5626/1703/FIG1
1,990,000,000 YBN	301) Haplodiplontic (Diplohaplontic, Diplobiontic) life cycle (organism with both diploid and haploid "alternate life stages" that reproduce asexually by mitosis) with "sporic meiosis" evolves. In this life cycle haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote which divides by meiosis producing haploid spores that produce (differentiate?) gametes, starting the cycle again. Initially these species are single celled in both stages (like Haptophyta).
1,988,000,000 YBN 3	317) Eukaryotes that have mitochondria with flat christae evolve from those with tubular christae.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/865 2. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P1901&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 3. ^ guess based on one jakobid having tubular that change to flat, aside from that cryptomonads are firs
1,982,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	87) Genetic comparison shows the most primitive living members of the Phylum "Euglenozoa" (euglenids, leishmania, trypanosomes, kinetoplastids) evolved at this time.1 2 3 This is the oldest eukaryote to exhibit colonialism. Perhaps eukaryote colonialism is partially or fully inherited from prokaryotes, but colonialism may have evolved independently again in eukaryotes. This is the most ancient species known to have a cell covering, which is of the type "pellicle". FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1961) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation)
1,982,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	294) Genetic comparison shows the Phylum "Percolozoa" (also called "Heterolobosea"1 ) (acrasid slime molds) evolved at this time.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 1961mybn 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600 mybn 4. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 1800-1900 mybn 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 1961mybn (1961) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600 mybn (1600mybn) 7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 1800-1900 mybn (1800-1900(for eukaryote/prokaryote separation)
1,980,000,000 YBN 1	38) Multicellularity evolves in a protist. Multicellularity is a very important event in the evolution of life on earth. With multicellular organisms, larger sized organisms could evolve. There are many uncertainties surrounding the origin of multicellularity. Multicellularity may have evolved independently for Plants, Fungi and Animals, or multicellularity may have evolved only once in eukaryotes. The key feature of this cell is that a multicellular organism is made from a single cell and the multicellular organism is not a collection of independent cells (colonialism). The main difference between this organism and single-celled organisms is the way the cells stay fastened together after cell division. Which species was the first multicellular species is not clear. Multicellularity is found in all 3 life cycles (haplontic, diplontic, haplodiplontic). The 3 main life cycle types (haplontic, etc.) probably evolved in single cell species before multicellularity evolved. If multicellularity evolved once and is inherited, perhaps all multicellular organism descended from a single haplodiplontic organism. These multicellular organisms have undifferentiated cells in the multicellular stage (all cells in the haploid or diploid multicellular organism are made of one kind of cell). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
1,978,000,000 YBN 1	15) Multicellularity with differentiation evolves. Multicellular organisms are no longer all haploid or diploid gamete producing cells (or spore producing if haplodiplontic), but are made of gamete (or spore) producing cells in addition to somatic cells which copy asexually through mitosis. Now, in addition to being large multicell organisms, multicellular organisms can have differentiated cells that form a variety of different shaped structures, and perform different functions. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. guess. is after haploid mitosis? after fusion?
1,973,000,001 YBN 4 5 6	88) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the "Chromalveolates" evolving now. Chromalveolates include the Chromista and Alveolata. The Chromista include the 3 Phyla Haptophyta, Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads), and Heterokontophyta (brown algae {kelp}, diatoms, water molds). Alveolata include the 3 Phyla Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa (Malaria, Toxoplasmosis), and Ciliophora (ciliates).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch MORE INFO [1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga
1,972,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	304) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of Chromalveolate Phlyum Haptophyta evolving now.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). (has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch)
1,971,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	305) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Chromalveolate Phylum "Cryptophyta" (Cryptomonads) evolving now.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,970,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	306) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Chromalveolate Phylum "Heterokontophyta" (Heterokonts also called Stramenopiles) evolving now. Heterokonts include brown algae, diatoms, golden algae, axodines, yellow-green algae, water moulds and slime nets.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,969,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	307) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) evolves now.1 2 3 Brown Algae is the most genetically ancient multicellular organism still living on earth. In addition to being first to evolve multicellularity, cell differentiation (cells of different types) is already present in all brown algae. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,968,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	308) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Diatoms evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,967,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	309) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Water molds (Oomycetes OemISETEZ) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,966,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	310) Chromalveolate Alveolata (Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,964,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	312) Ciliates evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,963,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	313) Dinoflagellates evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
1,962,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	314) Apicomplexans evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
1,961,000,000 YBN 3 4	89) Genetic comparison shows Rhizaria (the Phyla "Radiolaria", "Cercozoa", and "Foraminifera") evolve now.1 2 This marks the beginning of the protists described as "amoeboid", because they have pseudopods. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600my for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates, (1600my) 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). I use this estimate
1,961,000,000 YBN 3 4	320) Rhizaria Phylum "Cercozoa" evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
1,960,000,000 YBN 3 4	319) Rhizaria Phylum "Radiolaria" evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600my) 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
1,960,000,000 YBN 3 4	321) Rhizaria Phylum "Foraminifera" evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
1,900,000,000 YBN 3 4	66) Oldest Acritarch (eucaryote) fossils.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 2. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
1,874,000,000 YBN	61) Oldest non-acritarch Eukaryote fossil Grypania spiralis (an alga 10 cm long) from BIF in Michigan. Oldest algae fossil. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of the Banded Iron Formation Rocks.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
1,576,000,000 YBN 2	67) A eukaroyte cell forms a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, which form plastids (chloroplasts). Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments
1,513,000,000 YBN 3 4	221) First fungi evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200)
1,500,000,000 YBN 3 4	323) First plant (single cell, similar to glaucophytes) evolves.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1609 mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500)
1,400,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	86) Glaucophyta evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (1558my)
1,400,000,000 YBN 3	197) Opisthokonts (posterior cilium) evolve from Unikonts (ancestrally only one cilium). Opisthokonts have flat mitochondrial cristae and go on to form the Animal and Fungi kingdoms.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao /home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
1,400,000,000 YBN 3 4	220) Amoebozoa (amoeba, slime molds) evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400)
1,300,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11	188) Green Algae, composed of the 2 Phlya Chlorophyta (volvox, sea lettuce) and Charophyta (Spirogyra) evolve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 5. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 6. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn) 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?) 10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn) 11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html (1000my)
1,300,000,000 YBN 3 4	209) Red Algae (Rhodophyta) evolve now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn)
1,280,000,000 YBN 4	187) A eukaryote rhodophyte (red alga) is enslaved by a chromealveolate eukaryote to form a plastid in the chromealveolate. This kind of plastid is presumably inherited by all other chromalveolates (brown algae, diatoms, water molds, Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, ciliates) that have plastids.1 2 3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). 3. ^ Cavalier-Smith image from paper - have to find source but file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/rooting_euk_tree_cav-smith_science.html or THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). are similar 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
1,250,000,000 YBN 3	201) Oldest widely accepted Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils (Bangiomorpha pubescens) from Hunting Formation, Somerset Island, arctic Canada. 1 2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 3. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107
1,100,000,000 YBN 3 4	75) Most ancient living fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=93911
1,000,000,000 YBN 3 4	223) Fungi phylum "Chytridiomycota" evolves.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota
1,000,000,000 YBN 2	324) Phylum Choanozoa (Mesomycetozoea/DRIPs, Choanoflagellates) evolves.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). moved to 1000my from 1200 (Dawkins) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). moved to 1000my from 1200 (Dawkins)
1,000,000,000 YBN	325) The Choanozoan "Mesomycetozoaea" (DRIPs) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
967,000,000 YBN 1	97) A lens and light sensitive area evolve in unicellular eukaryote living objects. This is the first proto eye. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/
900,000,000 YBN 7 8	326) The Choanozoans "Choanoflagellates" and "Acanthoecida" evolve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano)
855,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	286) A key step in metazoan multicellularity evolves, where a zygote produces differentiated cells that stick together to form one organism.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 5. ^ Ted Huntington, compromise between Dawkins and Hedges, et al. (compromise=1055)
850,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	81) First animal and first metazoan evolve. Metazoans are multicellular, but their cells perform different functions and originate from one cell(?). This is`also the beginning of the Animal Subkingdom "Radiata", species with radial symmetry. These are the sponges. There are only 3 kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians (which include all insects and vertibrates). Sponges are the first organisms whose DNA codes for more than one kind of cell. Sponges have 3 different cell types. Some cells form a body wall, some digest food, some form a skeletal frame.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
850,000,000 YBN 2	101) First homeobox, or "hox" genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ same as sponge
850,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	224) Genetic comparison shows Fungi division "Zygomycota" (bread molds, pin molds, microsporidia,...) evolving now.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn) 6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn) 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn) 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m)
780,000,000 YBN 3	79) Animal Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
750,000,000 YBN 2	83) Animal Phlyum Ctenophora (comb jellies) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c750)
750,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	225) Genetic comparison shows Fungi division "Glomeromycota" (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) evolving now.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c750mybn) 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn) 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968)
700,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	82) First cnidarians (coelantrates), jellyfish evolves. Jellyfish have photon detecting cells and a lens made of ?.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c700my) 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)
700,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	226) The second largest group of Fungi, the phylum "Basidiomycota" (most mushrooms, rusts, club fungi) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my) 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)
700,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" (yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, morels, sac fungi) evolves.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my) 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)
700,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 12	228) Genetic comparison shows the largest and second largest lines of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) splitting now.1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", (PNAS) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UNites States of America, (2001). 7. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1208my) 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1208my) 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my) 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my) 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) 12. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", (PNAS) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UNites States of America, (2001). (727my)
630,000,000 YBN 5 6	91) First bilateral (has 2 sided symmetry) species evolves. Animal phylum Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida) evolves. 1 2 3 This begins the Subkingdom "Bilateria". 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (630my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
590,000,000 YBN 3	93) Protostomes evolve. Many phyla evolve at this time. Protostomes include the 3 infrakingdoms Ecdysozoa (a variety of worms and the arthropods {a huge group including all insects and crustaceans}), Platyzoa (rotifers and flatworms), and Lophotrochozoa (brachiopods {clams}, molluscs {snails}, and a variety of worms). 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my)
580,000,000 YBN	94) Earliest animal fossil from Doushantuo formation in China.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://biocrs.biomed.brown.edu/Books/Chapters/Ch%2019/Fossil-Embryos/NYtimes-mic rofossils.html
580,000,000 YBN 2	165) Earliest bilaterian fossil, Vernanimalcula, 178 um in length, from Doushantuo Formation, China. First fossil of organism with bilateral symmetry, mouth, digestive track, gut and anus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian Jun-Yuan Chen,1,2* David J. Bottjer,3* Paola Oliveri,4 Stephen Q. Dornbos,3 Feng Gao,4 Seth Ruffins,4 Huimei Chi,5 Chia-Wei Li,6 Eric H. Davidson4 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218 2. ^ Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian Jun-Yuan Chen,1,2* David J. Bottjer,3* Paola Oliveri,4 Stephen Q. Dornbos,3 Feng Gao,4 Seth Ruffins,4 Huimei Chi,5 Chia-Wei Li,6 Eric H. Davidson4 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218
580,000,000 YBN 4 5	318) Protostome Infrakingdom Ecdysozoa evolves. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skins) as they grow.1 2 Ecdysozoa include: the Phylum "Chaetognatha" (Arrow Worms), the Superphylum "Aschelminthes", containing the 5 Phlya: "Kinorhyncha" (kinorhynchs) "Loricifera" (loriciferans) "Nematoda" (round worms) "Nematomorpha" (horsehair worms), "Priapulida" (priapulids) the Superphlyum "Panarthropoda" containing the 3 Phyla: "Arthropoda" (arthropods: insects, shell fish) "Onychophora" (onychophorans) "Tardigrada" (tardigrades) 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c580) 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (560)
574,000,000 YBN 2	96) First neuron, nerve cell, and nervous system evolves in bilaterians.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably)
570,000,000 YBN	95) Fluid filled cavity, coelom evolves in early bilaterians.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
570,000,000 YBN	105) Deuterostomes evolve. This is the beginning of the Subkingdom Deuterostomia and Infrakingdom "Coelomopora" (Ambulacraria) with the two Phyla "Hemichordata" (acorn worms) and "Echinodermata" (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish). 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198706
570,000,000 YBN 2	311) Ecdysozoa phylum Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570)
570,000,000 YBN	345) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Hemichordonia (acorn worms) evolves.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
570,000,000 YBN	346) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Echinodermata (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
565,000,000 YBN	98) First circulatory system and red blood cells evolve in bilaterian worms.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
565,000,000 YBN 4	327) Infrakingdom Platyzoa (includes Superphylum Gnathifera {gnathiferans}, Phylum Gastrotricha {gastrotrichs}, and Phylum Platyhelminthes {flatworms}) evolve. 1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (565)
565,000,000 YBN	347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves.1 Chordata is a very large group that contains all fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
565,000,000 YBN	348) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Tunicata (tunicates {sea squirts}) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
562,000,000 YBN	99) Segmentation evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
561,000,000 YBN	100) Filter feeding, filtering food and oxygen from water through a digestive system, evolves in segmented worms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
560,000,000 YBN 2	330) The two Ecdysozoa Superphyla Ashelminthes (round worms, horsehair worms, priapulids) and Pananthropoda (arthropods, onychophorans, tardigrades) separate. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126686
560,000,000 YBN	349) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) evolves.1 This is the first fish. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
550,000,000 YBN 3	328) Ecdysozoa Superphylum "Ashelminthes" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs), Loricifera (loriciferans), Nematoda (round worms), Nematomorpha (horsehair worms), Priapulida (priapulids). 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550)
550,000,000 YBN 3	329) Platyzoa Superphylum "Gnathifera" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Gnat hostomulida (gnathostomulids), Cycliophora (cycliophorans), Micrognathozoa, Rotifera (rotifers), Acanthocephala (acanthocephalans). 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126686 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550)
547,000,000 YBN 3 4	331) The Protostome Infrakingdom Lophotrochozoa evolves. This includes brachiopods, bryozoans, clams, squids and octopuses (cephalopods), and snails.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). (550)
547,000,000 YBN 2	332) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Lophophorata evolves. This includes the two Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) and Brachiopoda (brachiopods {clams, oysters, muscles}).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547)
547,000,000 YBN 2	333) The Lophotrochozoa Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547)
547,000,000 YBN 2	334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods {clams, oysters, muscles}) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547)
545,000,000 YBN 2	335) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Entoprocta (entoprocts) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c545)
543,000,000 YBN	53) End Precambrian Eon, start Phanerozoic Eon. End Proterozoic Era, start Paleozoic Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
543,000,000 YBN 2	104) The Platyzoa Phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
543,000,000 YBN	120) Start Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
543,000,000 YBN 2	336) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans or moss animals) evolves.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
543,000,000 YBN 2	337) The Ecdysozoa Superphylum Panarthropoda (Arthropods, Onychophora, Tardigrada) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
543,000,000 YBN 2	338) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
543,000,000 YBN 2	339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora (onychophorans) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
543,000,000 YBN 2	340) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada (tardigrades) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
542,000,000 YBN	131) First shell (or skeleton) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
541,000,000 YBN 3	102) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Eutrochozoa (molluscs, ribbon, peanut, spoon, and segmented worms) evolves. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541)
541,000,000 YBN	132) Archaeocyatha (early sponges) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
541,000,000 YBN 2	341) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541)
540,000,000 YBN	133) Earliest trilobite fossil.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 3. ^ science_266_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf has 510my 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
539,000,000 YBN 2	342) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca (brachiopods, bryozoans, clams, mussels, squids and octopuses {cephalopods}, and snails) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539)
537,000,000 YBN 2	343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537)
537,000,000 YBN 2	344) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Sipuncula (peanut worms) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537)
530,000,000 YBN	350) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata evolves.1 This Subphylum contains most fish, all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
530,000,000 YBN	351) Subphylum Vertebrata jawless fish (agnatha) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
530,000,000 YBN 3 4	386) Oldest fossil vertebrate and fish.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm
520,000,000 YBN	205) Dinoflagellate biological markers measured in Kopli quarry, Tallinn, Estonia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Science, Vol 281, Issue 5380, 1168-1170 , 21 August 1998 2. ^ Biogeochemical Evidence for Dinoflagellate Ancestors in the Early Cambrian J. Michael Moldowan, * Nina M. Talyzina
507,000,000 YBN	149) Marrella (Arthropod) fossils in Burgess Shale.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/shale/pmarella.htm
490,000,000 YBN	121) Start Ordovician (490-443 mybn), end Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
475,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	90) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of all plants (Kingdom Plantae) evolving at this time (in the view that algae are protists and not plants).1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 2. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1609my) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1500) 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1580)
475,000,000 YBN 3 4	232) Genetic comparison shows the non-vascular plant and vascular plant lines splitting now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475)
475,000,000 YBN 3 4	244) Genetic comparison shows non-vascular plants (Bryophytes) (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses) evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ S26 (c475) 4. ^ S15 (c475)
475,000,000 YBN	352) Subphylum Vertebrata jawless fish lampreys and hagfish lines separate.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
464,000,000 YBN	398) Earliest fossil spore belonging to land plants. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
460,000,000 YBN	353) Jawed vertebrates (Infraphylum Gnathostomata) evolve.1 This large group includes all jawed fish, all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
460,000,000 YBN	354) Jawed vertebrate (Infraphylum Gnathostomata) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
450,000,000 YBN	106) First chordates. The Chordata phylum includes all tunicates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The living chordate with the oldest DNA design are tunicates.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
443,000,000 YBN	122) Start Silurian period (443-417), end Ordovician period (490-443 mybn).1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
440,000,000 YBN 2	360) In the Jawed Fishes, the Ray-finned fishes (Subclass Actinopterygii) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
428,000,000 YBN	401) Oldest fossil of vascular land plants, Cooksonia. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 2. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993).
428,000,000 YBN	402) Oldest fossil land animal, the millipede Pneumodesmus. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
425,000,000 YBN 2	377) Coelacanths evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
417,000,000 YBN	123) Start Devonian period (417-354 mybn), end Silurian period (443-417 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
417,000,000 YBN 2	378) Lungfishes evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
412,000,000 YBN	403) Oldest fossil lung fish. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
409,000,000 YBN	404) Oldest fossil shark. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
400,000,000 YBN 3 4	236) Genetic comparison shows the oldest line of living vascular plants from the Division "Lycophyta" evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
400,000,000 YBN	399) Earliest fossil of an insect. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/fossils/article-oldest-insect-fossil/th e-oldest-fossil-insect-in-the-world.html MORE INFO [1] http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/11/science/11CND-INSECT.html?ei=5007&en=01db2c70c 5f2bd18&ex=1391922000&adxnnl=1&partner=USERLAND&adxnnlx=1146391843-YMWQeyxG2RWEx JKHKf60mQ
390,000,000 YBN	355) Cartilaginous Fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) Subclass Subterbranchialia and Subclass Elasmobranchii (shark-like fishes) separate.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
390,000,000 YBN	356) Subclass Subterbranchialia Superorder Holocephali (chimaeras: eg. elephant fish) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
380,000,000 YBN 3 4	243) Genetic comparison shows the Fern line and the line that leads to Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) separating now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (318mybn) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn)
380,000,000 YBN 3 4	246) Genetic comparison shows the Spore producing and Seed producing plant lines separating now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (380mybn) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn)
380,000,000 YBN	405) Oldest fossil large trees. First forests. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
380,000,000 YBN	406) Oldest fossil spider. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
375,000,000 YBN	407) Oldest fossil amphibian, and land vertebrate. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
360,000,000 YBN 3 4	237) Genetic comparison shows Ferns (Plant Division "Pteridophyta") evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390 (360 for living species) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
360,000,000 YBN	408) Devonian mass extinction caused by ice age. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
354,000,000 YBN	124) Start Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn), end Devonian period (417-354 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
350,000,000 YBN 2	361) In the Ray-finned fishes Superdivision Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
350,000,000 YBN 2	362) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivsion Cladistia (Bichirs) evolves.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
340,000,000 YBN 2	379) Tetrapods evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
340,000,000 YBN 2	380) Amphibians (Caecillians, frogs, toads, Salamanders) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
330,000,000 YBN	409) Oldest fossil conifer. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
325,000,000 YBN 2	381) The Amphibians Caecillians evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
320,000,000 YBN 3 4	238) Genetic comparison shows the oldest living Gymnosperms from the Plant Kingdom evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c320 (360 for living species) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
318,000,000 YBN 3 4	242) Genetic comparison shows the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms lines separating now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (318mybn) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350)
315,000,000 YBN	410) Oldest fossil reptile. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
315,000,000 YBN	411) Oldest fossil of flying insect (mayfly?). 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
315,000,000 YBN	453) Allegheny mountains form as a result of the collision of Europe and eastern North America. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
310,000,000 YBN 2	384) Egg evolves.1 This group, the Amniota, will branch into the 3 major Classes: Reptiles (Sauropsida), Birds (Aves), and Mammals (Synapsida). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
310,000,000 YBN 2	385) Reptiles evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
305,000,000 YBN 2	382) The Amphibians Frogs and Toads evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
305,000,000 YBN 2	383) Amphibians Salamanders evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
300,000,000 YBN 2	387) Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
290,000,000 YBN	125) Start Permian period (290-248 mybn), end Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
280,000,000 YBN 2	388) Anapsids (iguanas and snakes) and diapsids (crocodiles) separate.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
260,000,000 YBN 2	363) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivision Actinopteri evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
260,000,000 YBN 2	364) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivision Actinopteri, Gars evolve.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
255,000,000 YBN 2	389) Tuataras evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
251,000,000 YBN	452) The supercontinent Pangea forms. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
250,000,000 YBN	396) The Permian mass extinction event happens. 1 This is the most devastating mass extinction event in the history of earth. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16macro.htm meteor impact in antarctica: MORE INFO [1] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm [2] http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=1073
248,000,000 YBN	54) End Paleozoic Era, start Mesozoic Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
248,000,000 YBN	126) Start Triassic period (248-206 mybn), end Permian period (290-248 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
245,000,000 YBN 2	392) Crocodiles, allegators, caimans evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
245,000,000 YBN 2	393) Birds evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
240,000,000 YBN 2	365) Actinopteri Superdivision Neopterygii evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
240,000,000 YBN 2	366) In Superdivision Neopterygii, Subdivision Halecomorphi, Bow fish (Amiiformes) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
240,000,000 YBN 2	367) Bow fish evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
228,000,000 YBN	412) Oldest dinosaur fossil, Eorapter was found in South America. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
220,000,000 YBN	400) Oldest mammal fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html
215,000,000 YBN	428) Oldest Pterosaur fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm
210,000,000 YBN 2	368) Subdivision Teleostei (eels, herrings, anchovies, carp, minnows, piranha, salmon, trout, pike, perch, seahorse, cod) evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
210,000,000 YBN 2	369) Bonytongues evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
210,000,000 YBN 2	390) Iguanas, chamaeleons, spiny lizards evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
210,000,000 YBN 2	391) Snakes, Skinks, Geckos evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
210,000,000 YBN	413) Oldest turtle fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
209,500,000 YBN 2	489) Triconodonta (extinct mammals) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Triconodonta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triconodonta 2. ^ http://www.biodiversity.org.uk/scripts/java/runjava.dll?java=BentonControlServer &method=jsShowStrat&family=Sinoconodontidae
206,000,000 YBN	127) Start Jurassic period (206-144 mybn), end Triassic period (248-206 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
200,000,000 YBN 2	370) Eels and tarpons (Elopocephala) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
199,000,000 YBN	414) End of Triassic mass extinction, because of climate (temperature?, weather?) changes. Large outpourings of lava from break-up of Pangea may have caused climate change. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
190,000,000 YBN	357) Subclass Elasmobranchii (shark-like fishes) divides into 2 divisions Squalea (rays, skates) and Galeomorphii (great white, hammerhead, nurse, sand tiger sharks).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
190,000,000 YBN 2	358) Division Squalea (rays, skates) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
190,000,000 YBN 2	359) Division Galeomorphii (great white, hammerhead, nurse, sand tiger sharks) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
190,000,000 YBN 2	371) Herrings and anchovies evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
185,000,000 YBN 3	194) Oldest diatom (Heterokonts or Chromalveolates) fossils.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. 2. ^ "Diatom". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom 3. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. MORE INFO [1] Round, F. E. and Crawford, R. M. (1990). The Diatoms. Biology and Morphology of the Genera, Cambridge University Press, UK.
180,000,000 YBN 2	456) First mammals, Monotremes evolves. 1 Monotremes lay eggs and are the oldest warm blooded species of record. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
175,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	245) Genetic comparison shows the most ancient flowering plant (Angiosperm) still alive, "Amborella" evolving now.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (175mybn) 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c100mybn) 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (175mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
170,000,000 YBN 2	372) Carp, minnows, Piranhas evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
170,000,000 YBN 2	373) Salmon, Trout, Pike evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
150,000,000 YBN 2	374) Lightfish and Dragonfish evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
150,000,000 YBN	394) Oldest bird fossil, Archaeopteryx.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.toyen.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/x499b.htm MORE INFO [1] http://www.netpets.org/birds/newsroom/archaeopteryx.html [2] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/100.html#Archaeornithes
150,000,000 YBN	395) Bird Confuciusornis fossil. 1 Unlike Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis had no teeth. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/birdfr.html
146,000,000 YBN 2	490) Multituberculata (extinct major branch of mammals) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Multituberculata". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multituberculata 2. ^ http://www.biodiversity.org.uk/scripts/java/runjava.dll?java=BentonControlServer &method=jsShowStrat&family=Arginbaataridae
145,000,000 YBN	415) Oldest flower fossil. 1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 2. ^ http://www.rgp.ufl.edu/publications/explore/v04n1/fossil1.html 3. ^ Science November 27, 1998
144,000,000 YBN	128) Start Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn), end Jurassic period (206-144 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
140,000,000 YBN 2	457) Marsupials evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
140,000,000 YBN 1	458) Metornithes (early birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.200.html (estimate from)
138,000,000 YBN 1	459) Ornithothoraces (early birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Ornithothoraces (estimate from)
136,000,000 YBN 1	460) Enantiornithes (early birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes (estimate from)
134,000,000 YBN 1	461) Ornithurae (early birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Ornithurae (estimate from)
132,000,000 YBN 1	462) Hesperornithiformes (early birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme s (estimate from)
130,000,000 YBN 2	375) Perch, Plaice, seahorses evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
130,000,000 YBN 2	376) Cod, hake, anglerfish evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
128,000,000 YBN 3 4	252) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group "Monocotyledons" (Monocots) evolving now. Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153mybn)
128,000,000 YBN 3 4	253) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group Eudicots (includes most former dicotyledons) evolving now. Eudicots are the largest lineage of flowers.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153mybn)
128,000,000 YBN 4 5	255) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm groups "Asterids" and "Rosids" evolving and separating now.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (122mybn) MORE INFO [1] wiki
128,000,000 YBN 3 4	266) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Monocotyledon" (Monocot) group "Commelinids" evolving now.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my)
128,000,000 YBN 5 6	267) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Core Eudicots" evolving now.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (145my)
120,000,000 YBN 1	463) Neornithes (modern birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
110,000,000 YBN	416) Sauroposiedon, a long-neck brachiosaur (sauropod) fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
105,000,000 YBN	417) Argentinosaurus, a long-neck titanosaur (sauropod) fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
105,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	491) Afrotheres (elephants, manatees, aardvarks) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
100,000,000 YBN	418) Carnotaurus fossil, a horned, meat-eating (theropod) dinosaur from South America. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
100,000,000 YBN 1	464) Tinamiformes (modern birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
100,000,000 YBN 1	465) Ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, kiwis) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.900.html#Ratites
95,000,000 YBN	419) Spinosaurus fossil, perhaps the largest meat-eating dinosaur, estimated to have been 45 to 50 feet long. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
95,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	498) Xenarthrans (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
85,000,000 YBN 1	466) Galliformes (Chicken, Duck, Goose, Turkey, Pheasants, Peacocks, Quail) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.100.html#Galloanser ae
85,000,000 YBN 1	467) Anseriformes (water birds) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.500.html#Anseriform es
85,000,000 YBN 2 3	499) Laurasuatheres evolve. This is a major line of mammals that include: bats, camels, pigs, deer, sheep, hippos, whales, horses, rhinos, cats, dogs, bears, seals, walrus).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
84,000,000 YBN	454) Laramide (Rocky) mountains form. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
82,000,000 YBN	420) Hadrosaurs, duck-billed dinosaurs are common. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
82,000,000 YBN 3 4	500) Shrews, moles, hedgehogs (Laurasuatheres) evolve. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
80,000,000 YBN	421) Protoceratops, an early shield-headed (ceratopsian) dinosaur fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
80,000,000 YBN	422) Raptor (dromaeosaur) fossils. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
80,000,000 YBN 2	482) American and true opossums (American Marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] "Didelphimorphia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia
80,000,000 YBN 3 4	501) Bats (Laurasuatheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
78,000,000 YBN 3 4	502) Camels, Pigs, Deer, Sheep, Hippos, Whales (Laurasuatheres) evolve. 1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
77,000,000 YBN 2	483) Shrew opossums (American Marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
76,000,000 YBN 3 4	503) Horses, Tapirs, Rhinos (Laurasuatheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
75,000,000 YBN	423) Ceratopsian (shield-headed) dinosaurs are common. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
75,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	492) Aardvark (Afrotheres) evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
75,000,000 YBN 3 4	504) Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, Walruses (Laurasuatheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
75,000,000 YBN 3 4	505) Pangolins (Laurasuatheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
75,000,000 YBN 2 3	506) Euarchontoglires evolve. This is a major line of mammals that includes rats, squirrels, rabbits, lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
73,000,000 YBN 2	484) Bandicoots and Bilbies (Australian Marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
70,000,000 YBN	424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs of all time exist. Tyrannosaurus rex is the top predator in North America and Giganotosaurus is in South America. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
70,000,000 YBN	425) Ankylosaurs (shield back and/or club tails) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
70,000,000 YBN	426) Mososaurs, sea serpents evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
70,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	493) Tenrecs and golden moles (Afrotheres) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
70,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	494) Elephant Shrews (Afrotheres) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
70,000,000 YBN 2 3	507) The ancestor of all rabbits, hares and pikas evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
70,000,000 YBN 2 3	516) The ancestor of Tree Shrews and Colugos evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Colugo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo
65,500,000 YBN	397) End of Cretaceous mass extinction event happens. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16macro.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
65,000,000 YBN	55) End Mesozoic Era, start Cenozoic Era.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America ucmp.berkeley.edu 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
65,000,000 YBN	129) Start Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), end Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
65,000,000 YBN	427) Largest Pterasaur, Quetzalcoatlus evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
65,000,000 YBN	429) Rapid increase in new species of fossil mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
65,000,000 YBN 1	468) Gruiformes (cranes and rails) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
65,000,000 YBN 1	470) Strigiformes (owls) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
65,000,000 YBN 2	485) Marsupial moles (Australian marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
65,000,000 YBN 2	486) Tasmanian Devil, Numbat (Australian marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
65,000,000 YBN 2	487) Monita Del Monte (Australian marsupial) evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
65,000,000 YBN 2	488) Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, Koalas (Australian marsupials) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
65,000,000 YBN 2 3	508) The ancestor of all rats, mice, gerbils, voloes, lemmings, and hamsters evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
65,000,000 YBN 2 3	509) The ancestor of all Beavers, Pocket gophers, Pocket mice and kangaroo rats evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
65,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	807) Cetardiodactyla branch. The ancestor of camels and llamas splits with the ancestor of the rest of the Even-Toed Ungulates (Cetardiodactyla/Artiodactyla: pigs, ruminants, hippos, dolphins and whales). 1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] "Artiodactyl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl
63,000,000 YBN 2 3	510) The ancestor of all Springhares and Scaly-tailed Squirrels evolves.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
63,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	517) The ancestor of Lemurs evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63mybn) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70mybn) 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
63,000,000 YBN 2	587) Primates evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) MORE INFO [1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm
62,000,000 YBN 3 4	495) Elephants (Afrotheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
60,000,000 YBN	430) In South America, Andes mountians begin to form. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
60,000,000 YBN	431) Oldest fossil rodent. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
60,000,000 YBN 2 3	586) Oldest potential primate fossil in Morocco. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "The Origin of Primates", Walter Carl Hartwig 2002 2. ^ "The Origin of Primates", Walter Carl Hartwig 2002 (paleocene (65-56my) 3. ^ http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm (= 60my)
60,000,000 YBN 3	796) Largest terrestrial carnivorous mammal yet found, Andrewsarchus skull dates from now {verify}. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Andrewsarchus mongoliensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrewsarchus_mongoliensis 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "Andrewsarchus mongoliensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrewsarchus_mongoliensis
60,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	808) The ancestors of pigs splits from the line that leads to the Ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, buffalo, deer, wildebeast, antelope), hippos, dolphins, and whales.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] "Ruminants". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminants
59,000,000 YBN 3 4	496) Hyraxes (Afrotheres) evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
59,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	497) Manatees and Dugong (Afrotheres) evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
58,000,000 YBN 2 3	511) The ancestor of all Dormice, Mountain Beaver, Squirrels and Marmots evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
58,000,000 YBN 2	524) Primate Tarsiers evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
57,000,000 YBN	433) Oldest hooved mammal fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
55,000,000 YBN	436) Oldest horse fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
55,000,000 YBN 2 3	512) Gundis evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
55,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	809) Lines that lead to Ruminants and Hippos split.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
54,970,000 YBN	434) Oldest primate skull. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nature v427, n6969, January 1, 2004 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/full/nature02126.html
54,000,000 YBN 2 3	810) The line that leads to Hippos and the line to dolphins and whales split.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=54) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=53) MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
53,500,000 YBN 3 4 5	812) Oldest fossils of dolphins and whales semiaquatic "Pakicetus". 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=50) 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=52) 5. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm (=53.5) MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
51,000,000 YBN 2 3	513) OW Porcupines evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
50,000,000 YBN	437) Oldest elephant fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
50,000,000 YBN	438) Himalayan mountains start to form as India collides with Eurasia. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
50,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	518) Primates Lorises, Bushbabbies, Pottos evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63mybn) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70mybn) 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [3] "Lorisidae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorisidae
49,000,000 YBN 1	474) Falconiformes (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World vultures) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
49,000,000 YBN 2 3	514) African mole rats, cane rates, dassle rats evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
49,000,000 YBN 2 3	515) NW porcupines, guinea pigs, agoutis, capybara evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
45,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	519) Primate Aye-aye evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [3] "Aye-aye". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aye-aye
40,000,000 YBN	440) In Europe the Alpines start to form. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
40,000,000 YBN	441) Oldest fossil of Miacis, a weasel-like ancestor of bears and dogs. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
40,000,000 YBN 2	525) The ancestor of all New World Monkeys evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
37,000,000 YBN	442) Oldest fossil of dog, Hesperocyon. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
37,000,000 YBN 1	471) Apodiformes (hummingbirds, swifts) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
37,000,000 YBN 1	475) Cuculiformes (cuckoos, roadrunners, possibly hoatzin) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
37,000,000 YBN 1	476) Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans) evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
34,000,000 YBN 2	813) Toothed whales (dolphin, sperm whale, killer whale) and Baleen whales (blue, humpback, gray whale) lines split. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=34) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
30,000,000 YBN	443) Indrictotherium lives in India, and is the largest land mammal in the history of earth. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
30,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	520) Primate True Lemurs evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae
28,000,000 YBN 1	477) Passeriformes (perching songbirds) evolve. This Order includes many common birds: crow, jay, sparrow, warbler, mockingbird, robin, orioles, bluebirds, vireos, larks, finches. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
28,000,000 YBN 2	811) The Dolphin and Whale line split. 1 *see Toothed and baleen split. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=~53) MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
27,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	521) Primates Wooly and Leaping Lemurs evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63mybn) 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae
25,000,000 YBN	444) Oldest cat fossil. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
25,000,000 YBN 2	522) Primates Sportive Lemurs evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [5] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae [6] "Lepilemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepilemuridae
25,000,000 YBN 2	523) Primates Mouse and Dwarf Lemurs evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [5] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae [6] "Cheirogaleidae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheirogaleidae
25,000,000 YBN 3 4	531) The two major lines which lead to Old World Monkeys and hominids (lesser and great apes) split.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . see image 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
24,000,000 YBN 2	662) Ancestor of all Apes and Hominids loses tail. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my)
23,000,000 YBN 2	478) Echidnas (monotremes) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
23,000,000 YBN 2	479) Duck-Billed Platypus (Monotremes) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
22,000,000 YBN 2	526) Titis, Sakis and Uakaris (New World Monkeys) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Pitheciidae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitheciidae
22,000,000 YBN 2	527) Howler, Spider and Woolly monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
22,000,000 YBN 2	528) Capuchin and Squirrel monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
21,000,000 YBN 2	529) Night (or Owl) monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
21,000,000 YBN 2	530) Tamarins and Marmosets (New World Monkeys) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "New world monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_monkey
20,000,000 YBN 3 4	549) The ancestor of all the homonids (Lesser and Great Apes), moves over land from Africa into Europe and Asia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998).
18,000,000 YBN 3	537) Ancestor of all Gibbons (Lesser Ape Hominids) evolves in Eurasia. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey [5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
14,000,000 YBN 2	532) The Old World Monkey family divides into Cercopithecinae (Macaques and Baboons) and Colobinae (Colobus and Proboscis monkies). 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
14,000,000 YBN 2	542) Orangutans evolve in Asia. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
10,500,000 YBN 2	538) Crested Gibbons evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey [5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
10,000,000 YBN 2	533) Colobus monkeys (Old World Monkey) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Colobinae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colobinae
10,000,000 YBN 2	534) Langurs and Proboscis monkeys (Old World Monkey) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
10,000,000 YBN 2	535) Guenons (Old World Monkey) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
10,000,000 YBN 2	536) Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills (Old World Monkey) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
9,000,000 YBN 3 4	550) The ancestor of the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and archaic humans moves over land from Eurasia back into Africa.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998).
8,000,000 YBN 3 4	544) Common ancestor of chimpanzee and human lives in Africa.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 2. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) 4. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) (8mybn) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
7,750,000 YBN 2	539) Siamang evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Symphalangus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphalangus
7,000,000 YBN 2	543) Gorillas evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Gorilla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla
6,000,000 YBN 2	540) Hylobates Gibbons evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
6,000,000 YBN 2	541) Hoolock Gibbon evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
5,500,000 YBN	567) Two-leg walking (bipedalism) evolves in early hominids.
4,400,000 YBN 2 3	547) Australopithecus evolves. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "Australopithecus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus 3. ^ "Australopithecus afarensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis (3.9 to 3my) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
4,000,000 YBN	445) Oldest Australopithecus fossil in Africa. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3,000,000 YBN	446) North and South America connect. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2,700,000 YBN 2	564) Paranthropus, a line of extinct bipedal early homonids evolves in Africa. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus 2. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus
2,500,000 YBN	447) Oldest Homo Habilis fossil. 1 This is the earliest member of the genus Homo. 2 This is when the human brain begins to get bigger. 3 Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of Homo ergaster. 4 Homo Habilis evolved in Africa. 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 2. ^ "Homo habilis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 4. ^ "Homo habilis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78
2,450,000 YBN 1	589) Homo Habilis evolve smaller, thinner and less body hair. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p 274
SCIENCE
2,400,000 YBN	455) Oldest formed stone tools. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
2,000,000 YBN 2	545) Bonobos (Chimpanzees) evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Bonobo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo
2,000,000 YBN 2	546) Common Chimpanzees evolve. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). [3] "Common Chimpanzee". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Chimpanzee
2,000,000 YBN	593) Homo Ergaster leaves Africa into Europe and Asia. Ergaster is the first hominid to leave Africa. MORE INFO [1] "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus [2] http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050829/full/050829-10.html [3] http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). [5] "Homo ergaster". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster
1,800,000 YBN	130) Start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now), end Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America
1,800,000 YBN	449) Oldest Homo erectus fossil outside of Africa. 1 Homo Erectus evolves from Homo Ergaster in Asia. 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus 2. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
1,800,000 YBN 2	826) End Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now). 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America 2. ^ The geological Society of America
1,440,000 YBN 3	448) Most recent Homo Habilis fossil.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 2. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070809/ap_on_sc/human_evolution;_ylt=AruCkwb32WrhbQ w.YrFzooys0NUE 3. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070809/ap_on_sc/human_evolution;_ylt=AruCkwb32WrhbQ w.YrFzooys0NUE (1.44mybn)	Kenya, Africa2
790,000 YBN 2	584) Ealiest evidence of controlled use of fire, from Israel. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/304/5671/663a 2. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/304/5671/663a
200,000 YBN 2 3	548) Humans (Homo sapiens) evolve in Africa. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Human". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human (195,000 YBN) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) 3. ^ "Human". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human (195,000 YBN) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
200,000 YBN	590) This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimps and monkeys, that will result in the short staccato language humans use now.1 Either the majority of the 50 basic sounds were learned simulateneously for all sapiens by word of mouth or those 50 basic sounds evolved before the sapiens dispersed throughout eurasia. Since sapiens spread out over Europe and Asia did not develop one language with the same sounds used for each word, it seems unlikely that the 50 basic sounds that are found in all of those languages would not be unified for all sapiens, and that more likely the majority of those sounds evolved in a smaller group in Africa and were then dispersed into Europe, Asia, and then Australia and the Americas.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington
195,000 YBN	161) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull, in Ethiopia, Africa. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ file:///root/web/AP-Oldest-Human_195k.html "Human Fossils Dated to 195, 000 Years" By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Published: February 16, 2005
130,000 YBN	450) Neanderthals evolve from Homo ergaster in Europe and Western Asia. 1 Oldest Neanderthal fossil in Croatia. 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_2.htm MORE INFO [1] "Neanderthal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal
95,000 YBN [93000 BCE]	594) Homo sapiens move north out of Africa. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html MORE INFO [1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
92,000 YBN [90000 BCE] 2	597) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull outside Africa, in Israel.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) 2. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) MORE INFO [1] Bar-Yosef, O. in The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean (eds Bar-Yosef, O. & Pilbeam, D.) 107−156 (Peabody Museum, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000)
53,300 YBN [51300 BCE]	557) Most recent Homo Erectus fossil in Java.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
42,000 YBN [40000 BCE] 2	596) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Australia.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html (42,000 YBN) 2. ^ http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html (42,000 YBN)
40,000 YBN [38000 BCE] 2	598) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Europe.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (40,000 YBN) 2. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (40,000 YBN)
35,000 YBN [33000 BCE]	451) Most recent Neandertal fossil.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
30,000 YBN [28000 BCE] 2	599) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in China. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (30,000 YBN) 2. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (30,000 YBN)
10,700 YBN [8700 BCE]	829) Oldest copper (and metal) artifact, from Northern Iraq. 1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonacobre/pasado.asp 2. ^ "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper MORE INFO [1] http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/Iran%20information/iranian_copper_iran_exports.htm
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE] 2	602) Oldest evidence of weaving. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE] 2	603) Oldest evidence of pottery. 1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE] 2	604) Oldest evidence of oil lamp.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). MORE INFO [1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE] 2	606) Oldest city, Jericho.