TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
995,000,000,000 YBN	11) There is no time I can identify as the start of the universe, the universe has no beginning and no end; perhaps the same photons that have always been in the universe continue to move in the space that has always been.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter.
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All of the matter is made of particles of light humans have named "photons". Photons are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Photons generally move 300 million meters every second in a line, but as pieces of matter, can be slightly slowed from the force of gravity, and stop for an instant when they collide.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Matter is attracted to other matter and so photons form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, molecule groups (like all of life of earth), planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the hundreds of billions of galaxies we can see are only a tiny part of the universe. Most of the galaxies in the universe we will never see because they are too far away for even 1 particle of light from them to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, or are captured by atoms between here and there.
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) The patterns in the universe are clear. Photons form gas clouds of Hydrogen and Helium, these gas clouds, called nebuli condense to form galaxies of stars. The stars emit photons back out into the rest of the universe, where they collect and form clouds again. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of those planets intelligent life evolves. This life moves their stars out of spiral galaxies to form globular clusters, and ultimately to transform spiral galaxies into elliptical galaxies that travel the universe looking for more matter to fuel their movement. It may very well be that stars at this scale are photons, spiral galaxies charged particles, globular galaxies neutral particles, and galactic clusters atoms at a much larger scale in an infinite macro and micro scale.
880,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Galaxy forms, perhaps from a gas cloud that formed by capturing matter in the form of light from other stars, from the remains of a previously destroyed galaxy, or some combination of the two.
5,500,000,000 YBN	16) The yellow star earth will eventually orbit forms, perhaps in a nebula, when matter in the nebula starts accumulating and rotating as a result of gravity, or from the remains of an exploded star that condensed again under the influence of gravity.
5,000,000,000 YBN	22) Heavier atoms in the star system move closer to the center and lighter atoms are sent farther out.
4,600,000,000 YBN	17) Planets form around star. Terrestrial planets are red hot, have surface of melted rock, all lighter atoms float to the surface of the molten planets. All the H2O from the first earth oceans and lakes is in the atmosphere in gas form.
4,600,000,000 YBN	30) Moon of earth is formed by 1 of 3 ways: 1) spherical planet collides with earth, moon forms from remaining matter in ring around earth. 2) spherical planet is caught in earth orbit 3) moon of earth forms naturally from original matter of star system in orbit around earth.
4,571,000,000 YBN	31) Oldest meteorite yet found on earth 4,571 million years old.
4,530,000,000 YBN	33) Oldest Moon rock returned from Apollo missions (4.53 billions old).
LIFE
4,500,000,000 YBN	50) Start Precambrian Eon, Hadean Era.
4,450,000,000 YBN	21) Planet earth cools, molten rock cools into thin crust, H2O condenses from the atmosphere by raining, filling the lowest parts of land to make the first earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.
4,404,000,000 YBN	34) Oldest "terrestrial" (not from meteorite) zircon yet found on earth, 4.404 billion years old, from Gneiss in West Australia, is evidence that the crust and liquid water were on the surface of earth 4.4 billion years before now.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects are created on earth. These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and or atmosphere of earth (or other planets) by lightning, photons with ultraviolet frequency from the star, or ocean floor volcanos.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) How nucleic acids (polymers made of nucleotides), proteins (polymers made of amino acids), carbohydrates (polymers made of sugars) and lipids (glycerol attached to fatty acids) evolved is not clearly known. Some proteins and nucleic acids have been formed in labs by using clay which can dehydrate and which provides long linear crystal structures to build proteins and nucleic acids on. Amino acids join together to form polypeptides when an H2O molecule is formed from a Hydrogen (H) on 1 amino acid and a hydroxyl (OH) on the second. Are all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA the products of living objects? Is RNA the only molecule of these that was made without the help of living objects? The most popular theory now has RNA (and potentially lipids) evolving first before any living objects. There is still a large amount of experiment, exploration and education that needs to be done to understand the origins of living objects on planet earth. My opinion is that as soon as there was liquid water on the earth, 4.4 billion years before now, as zircon crystals show, the construction of living objects started on earth.
4,390,000,000 YBN	25) RNA duplication evolves. Perhaps RNA molecules, called "ribozymes" evolved which can make copies of RNA, by connecting free floating nucleotides that match a nucleotide on the same or a different RNA, without any proteins. But until such ribozyme RNA molecules are found, the only molecule known to copy nucleic acids are proteins called polymerases. If such ribozymes exist, then one of the first coded instructions on the RNA molecule that was the ancestor of every living species, must have been the code to make this ribozyme.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) Protein assembly evolves with the creation of various Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Random mutations in the copying (and perhaps even in the natural formation) of RNA molecules probably created a number of the necessary tRNAs (transfer RNA, an RNA molecule responsible for matching free floating amino acid molecules to 3 nucleotide sequences on other RNA molecules). This would be a precellular protein assembly system, where tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules can build polypeptide chains of amino acids by linking directly to other RNA strands. Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, and a 3 nucleotide sequence from a different part of the tRNA molecule bonds with the opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an (m)RNA molecule. Since there are tRNA molecules for each amino acid (although some tRNAs can attach to more than one amino acid?), there must have been a slow accumulation of various tRNA molecules for each of the 20 amino acids used in constructing polypeptides in cells living now. Perhaps after the evolution of the first tRNA, the first polypeptides were chains of all the same one amino acid. With the evolution of a second tRNA polypeptides would have more variety because now two amino acids would be available to build polypeptides. This polypeptide assembly system may exist freely in water, or within a liposome. This sytem builds many more proteins than would be built without such a system. The mRNA with the code to make copier RNA, now also contains the code to produce various tRNA molecules. These molecules function as a unit, and proto-cell, with the rest of the mRNA initially containing random codes for random proteins. For the first time, RNA code represents a template for other RNA molecules, but also a template for building proteins with the help of tRNA molecules. There is some question of where the origin of the first cell took place, near volcanos on the ocean floor, or in fresh water lakes and tidal pools near volcanos on land, because unprotected nucleic acids cannot exist for much time in the ocean because of Sodium and Chlorine.
4,380,000,000 YBN	168) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) evolves. Ribosomal RNA moves down mRNA molecules functioning as a platform for bringing the mRNA and tRNA molecules together to assemble polypeptides (proteins). This rRNA serves as an early ribosome; objects that serve as sites for building polypeptides and are found in every cell. As time continues the ribosome will grow to include two more RNA molecules, some protein molecules, and a second half that will make polypeptide construction more efficient. The rRNA serves the purpose of bringing amino acids close enough to bond with each other to form polypeptides. As an rRNA moves down an mRNA, tRNA molecules bond with the mRNA and on the opposite side of the tRNA, a matching amino acid (separates? from the tRNA and) attaches to a growing polypeptide chain. Now the mRNA that is the ancestral/progenitor of all of life, contains the code for the copier RNA, tRNAs, and the rRNA molecule. These nucleic acids function as a unit, and proto-cell.
4,375,000,000 YBN	211) The first protein of real importance is built, an RNA polymerase. A molecule that can more efficiently copy RNA.
4,370,000,000 YBN	41) A ribonucleotide reductase protein is built by the early ribosome protein making protocell. This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides. This allows the first DNA molecule on earth to be assembled. Ribonucleotide reductase may be the molecule that allowed DNA to be the template for the line of cells that survived to now.
4,365,000,000 YBN	212) A DNA polymerase protein evolves to copy DNA by assembling DNA nucleotides from other DNA molecules.
4,360,000,000 YBN	166) An RNA molecule evolves that causes the early ribosome to create reverse transcriptase, a protein that can assemble DNA molecules from an RNA molecule template. With this advance, a DNA molecule can be constructed that has all of the code that was stored on the long evolved RNA molecule. DNA now serves as a more stable template for making mRNA, each tRNA, rRNA, and the RNA and DNA polymerases. RNA polymerase proteins build RNA molecules using the new DNA template, that still perform their original polypeptide building function together with the tRNA and rRNA molecules, but are labeled "mRNA" (Messenger RNA) because they move from DNA to ribosome.
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell membrane evolves around DNA, made of proteins. This membrane holds water inside a cell. This is the first cell. rRNA comparison shows that this is most likely a eubacterium. DNA produces instructions for cytoplasm, the cytoplasm is assembled from proteins made by the ribosome. For the first time, DNA and ribosomes are building cell structure. The templates for each tRNA, rRNA, mRNA and DNA polymerase proteins are already coded in a central strand of DNA. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and copy. This cell is heterotrophic and has no metabolism to produce ATP. Amino acids, nucleotides, H2O, and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration from inside and outside the cell (passive transport) and represent the beginnings of the first digestive system. This either happens in fresh water lakes or in salty oceans, perhaps near lava vents on or under the ocean floor. As this line of DNA continues to make copies of itself, all copies now have cytoplasm. The DNA is composed mainly of instructions to assemble the nucleic acids and proteins needed to build ribosomes, polymerases and cytoplasm. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on earth. These first cells are anaerobic (do not require free oxygen) and heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their own food: amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars. These bacteria depend on these molecules and photons in the form of heat to reproduce and grow. A system of division must evolve which attaches the original and newly synthesized copy of DNA to the cytoplasm, so that as the cell grows, the two copies of DNA can be separated and the first membraned cells can divide into two cells. This is the beginning of the "binary fission" method of cell division. Division of the cell begins with the division of the DNA membrane-attachment site and separates by the growth of new cytoplasm.
4,350,000,001 YBN	26) Perhaps DNA that is connected in a circle allows the DNA polymerase to make continuous copies of the cell.
4,345,000,000 YBN	195) Proteins that actively transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm (facilitative diffusion) evolve.
4,340,000,000 YBN	23) The first viruses are made either from bacteria, or are initially bacteria. These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. Over time, more effective, and efficient virus designs will survive.
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now make ATP from glucose and eventually other monosaccharides, the end product is pyruvate. The glycolysis equation is: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now make more ATP and convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to lactate (an ionized form of lactic acid).
4,325,000,000 YBN	213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) to ethanol.
4,320,000,000 YBN	183) Cells evolve that make proteins that can assemble lipids.
4,315,000,000 YBN	196) Cells that use both proteins and metabolism (ATP) to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm (active transport) evolve.
4,310,000,000 YBN	76) Pili, plasmids and conjugation evolves in prokaryotes. Now some prokaryotes can exchange circular pieces of DNA (plasmids), through tubes (pili). Conjugation may be the process that led to sex (cellular fusion) and also the transition from a circle of DNA to chromosomes in eukaryotes, since some protists (cilliates and some algae) reproduce sexually by conjugation.
4,307,000,000 YBN	292) Prokaryote flagella evolve.
4,305,000,000 YBN	64) Operons, sequences of DNA that allow certain proteins coded by DNA to not be built, evolve. Proteins bind with these DNA sequences to stop RNA polymerase from building mRNA molecules which would be translated into proteins. Operons allow a bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.
4,304,500,000 YBN	322) Nitrogen fixation evolves in eubacteria.
4,304,000,000 YBN	287) Multicellularity in the form of filment growth evolves in prokaryotes.
4,302,000,000 YBN	316) Cell differentiation in prokaryotes evolve. Heterocysts evolve in cyanobacteria. Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed by some filamentous cyanobacteria during nitrogen starvation.
4,300,000,000 YBN	58) First autotrophic cells, cells that can produce some if not all of their own food (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, phophates, lipids, and carbohydrates), but require phosphorus, nitrogen, CO2, water and light in the form of heat. There are only 2 kinds of autotrophy: Lithotrophy and Photosynthesis. These are lithotrophic cells that change inorganic (abiotic) molecules into organic molecules. These cells are archaebacteria, called methanogens that perform the reaction: 4H2 + CO2 -> CH4 + 2H2O. They convert CO2 into Methane. Methane is better than CO2 for trapping heat, and could have contributed to heating the earth.
4,295,000,000 YBN	49) First photosynthetic cells. These cells only have Photosystem I. Photosynthesis Photosystem I evolves in early anaerobic prokaryote cells. One of two photosythesis systems, photosystem I uses a pigment chlorophyll A, absorbs photons in 700 nm wave lengths best, breaking the bond betwenn H2 and S. They are anaerobic and perform the reaction: H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide) + CO2 + light -> CH2O (Formaldehyde) + 2S.
4,290,000,000 YBN	43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves in early prokaryote cells. Photosystem 2 absorbs photons best at 680nm wavelengths, a higher frequency of light than Photosystem I. These cells can break the strong Hydrogen bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen in water molecules (more abundant than Sulphur). This system emits free Oxygen. The simple equation of photosynthesis is: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + photons = C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. The detailed steps of photosynthesis are called the "Calvin Cycle". Prokaryote cells can now produce their own glucose to store and be converted to ATP by glycolysis and fermentation later. This sytem is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of earth.
4,280,000,000 YBN	57) Cellular Respiration (also called the "Citric Acid Cycle", and the "Krebs Cycle") evolves, probably in cyanobacteria, as a substitute for fermentaton, by using oxygen to break down the products of glycolysis, pyruvic acid, to CO2 and H2O, producing 18 more ATP molecules. This is the first aerobic cell, a cell that has an oxygen based metabolism. This cell uses oxygen to convert glucose (and eventually other sugars and fats) into CO2, H2O and ATP. For example, cells that oxidize glucose perform the reaction: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP This reaction (with glycolysis) can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration is the opposite (although the specific reactions differ) of photosynthesis which starts with H2O and CO2 and produces glucose.
4,250,000,000 YBN	77) There are many widely varying estimates of when the first Eubacteria and Archaea evolved. Eubacteria and Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) are the two major lines of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the most primitive living objects ever found. In contrast to the later evolved Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes have a circle of DNA located in their cytoplasm (not chromosomes) and have no nucleus. At least one genetic comparison shows Eubacteria and Archaea evolving now. After the full genomes of all living species are known, and understood we will have more certainty about the history of evolution. Many genetic trees are based on DNA genes (sequences of DNA that define nucleic acids or proteins). In particular the genes for ribosomal RNA are thought to be very conserved over time, although perhaps genes for reproduction, or cytoplasm, for example may later prove to be more conserved over time.
4,112,000,000 YBN	180) The Archaea Phylum, Euryarchaeotes evolve.
4,112,000,000 YBN	181) The Archaea Phylum, Crenarchaeotes evolves.
3,977,000,000 YBN	193) Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" (Aquifex, Thermotoga, etc.) evolve now.
3,850,000,000 YBN	36) The oldest sediment on earth is also the oldest Banded Iron Formation, on Akilia Island in Western Greenland. The oldest evidence for life on earth was found in this rock by measuring the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 13 in grains of apatite (calcium phosphate) from this rock. Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and not Carbon-13 and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (calcium carbonate or limestone).
3,850,000,000 YBN	45) This marks the beginning of the Banded Iron Formation Rocks. These rocks are sedimentary. They are made of iron rich chert (silicates, like SiO2). These rocks have alternative bands of orange or yellow and black. In the red parts the iron is oxydized (contains iron oxides, either hematite {Fe2O3 = rust} or magnetite {Fe3O4]}). These bands may have formed because photosynthetic bacteria (in stromatolites found in shallow ocean shores, and purple bacteria floating in water) produce oxygen from CO2 during photosynthesis. When the level of oxygen in the water became too high, many bacteria died, and this cycle created the BIF. But BIF also may form naturally when photons in uv frequencies split H2O into H2 and O2. So perhaps the BIF bands represent cycles of more or less uv light reaching the earth. Perhaps the alternating phenomenon is similar to eukaryotic algal blooms. In any event, this free oxygen bonded with the many tons of iron dissolved in the water to form insoluable iron oxide which then fell to the ocean floor to form the orange layers of Banded Iron Formation. How these alternating bands are made is not clear and has not yet been duplicated in a lab. This cycle of alternating orange and black bands will continue for 2 billion years until 1,800 million years before now. This is the beginning of oxygen production on earth, the atmosphere of earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time.
3,800,000,000 YBN	51) End Hadean Era, start Archean Era.
3,800,000,000 YBN	185) Isoprene compounds from Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation sediment are evidence of the existence of Archaea.
3,760,000,000 YBN	186) Sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) and Hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) detected in 3760 billion year old Isua Banded Iron Formation, indicate the possibility of photosynthetic sulfate reducing bacteria (Archaea, for example Sulpholobus) and Cyanobacteria living at that time.
3,700,000,000 YBN	184) Amount of Uranium isotope measured in Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation evidence of prokaryote Oxygen photosynthesis.
3,500,000,000 YBN	37) The oldest fossil evidence of life yet found. Stromatolites made by photosynthetic bacteria found in both Warrawoona, Western Australia, and Fig Tree Group, South Africa.
3,500,000,000 YBN	39) Oldest fossils of an organism, thought to be cyanobacteria, found in 3,500 Million Year old chert from South Africa and 3,465 Million year old Apex chert of north-western Australia.
3,470,000,000 YBN	182) Sulphate fossil molecular marker evidence of moderate thermophile sulphur reducing prokaryotes from North Pole, Australia.
3,470,000,000 YBN	216) Evidence of sulphate reduction by bacteria.
3,416,000,000 YBN	218) Fossil and molecular evidence of photosynthetic, probably anoxygenic, bacteria that lived in mats in the ocean date to this time.
3,260,000,000 YBN	71) Budding evolves in prokayotes. Different from binary division, where a cell is split in half, in budding, a new complete cell is made in the original cell, and the new cell bursts through the cell wall, the original cell wall must then be repaired.
3,250,000,000 YBN	191) Fossils from Swartkoppie chert, South Africa are oldest evidence of procaryotes that reproduce by budding and not binary fission.
3,235,000,000 YBN	68) Thermophilic prokaryote fossils found in 3235 million year old deep-sea volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits from the Pilbara Craton of Australia may be oldest Archaea fossils.
2,923,000,000 YBN	178) Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (low G+C {Guanine and Cytosine count} Gram positive) evolve.
2,800,000,000 YBN	177) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of all Proteobacteria (Rickettsia {mitochondria}, gonorrhoea, Salmonella, E coli) evolving now.
2,784,000,000 YBN	176) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes (Planctobacteria) evolving now.
2,784,000,000 YBN	179) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria (high G+C, Gram positive) evolving now.
2,775,000,000 YBN	174) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (Syphilis, Lyme disease) evolving now.
2,775,000,000 YBN	175) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phyla Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) evolving now.
2,775,000,000 YBN	217) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria Phyla Chlamydiae and Verrucomicrobia evolving now.
2,760,000,000 YBN	80) Endocytosis, a process where the cell membrane folds around some molecules to form a spherical vesicle which enters the cytoplasm, and exocytosis, the opposite process, where a vesicle combines with a call membrane to empty molecules outside a cell both evolve in an early eukaryote cell. Eukaryote cells can now swallow bacteria (phagocytosis) and liquid (pinocytosis). The cells can then (heterotrophically) use the molecules injested (for example a bacterium) for copying and to make ATP. This is the first time one cell can eat a different living cell.
2,750,000,000 YBN	207) Cytoskeleton evolves in eukaryote cytoplasm.
2,725,000,000 YBN	60) First eukaryotic cell evolves. This cell has a nucleus, with either single strands or a circle of DNA inside. This is a single anaerobic cell. This is the first protist. This cell evolves either by: 1) two or more bacteria joined, one with flagella (perhaps a eubacteria) formed the nucleus, a second formed the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, eventually the code to build the entire cell including the instructions to build the symbiotic captured bacteria was included in the new nucleus, 2) the nucleus formed as part of the cytoplasm lattice, perhaps the outer wall folded in on itself creating a double membrane, or a membrane grew around the DNA (for example like planctobacteria) which provided more protection for the DNA from the movement and digestive activities of cytoplasm now without a rigid cell wall, 3) a bacteria with flagella that grew cytoplasm and a secondary cell wall outside the original cell wall, 4) a virus, 5) a DNA strand from conjugation with a different prokaryote stored in a vesicle. There are key features that are different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes: 1) Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not. 2) DNA in eukaryotes is in the form of chromosomes, in prokaryotes the DNA is in a circle. 3) Eukaryotes can do endocytosis, fold their cell membrane around some external object and injest the object, prokaryotes can not. 4) Eukaryotes have a membrane lattice of proteins, actin and myacin, prokaryotes do not. 5) Eukaryotes have an endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body. 6) Eukaryotes reproduce asexually by dual binary division (both nucleus and cell divide by binary division), budding, or mitosis, prokaryotes reproduce by budding or binary division. If the nucleus is an engulfed prokaryote, this cell inherits the processes of nuclear DNA duplication and nucleus division (karyokinesis) from prokaryote binary division. Initially, both the nucleus and cell divide by binary division.
2,725,000,000 YBN	65) DNA in the nucleus changes from a single circular chromosome to linear chromosomes. Possibly the prokaryote ancestor of the first eukaryote had linear chromosomes since some prokaryotes (although very few) are known to have linear chromosomes instead of or in addition to a single circular chromosome.
2,720,000,000 YBN	208) A eukaryote flagellum (cilium, undulipodium) evolves on early single cell eukaryotes.
2,720,000,000 YBN	291) For the first time, a cell is not constantly synthesizing DNA and then having a division period (as is the case for all known prokaryotes), but this cell has a period in between cell division and DNA synthesis where DNA synthesis is not performed. Later some cells develop a stage after synthesis and before cell division.
2,719,000,000 YBN	302) If the first eukaryote nucleus was a prokaryote, synchronized duplication and division of organelle-nucleus and cytoplasm of early eukaryote cell evolves. Before this, eukaryote cell division usually results in one cell with no organelle-nuclei and a second cell with 2 organelle-nuclei. Perhaps the organelle-nuclei attach to the outer cell membrane in the same way the cytoplasmic DNA do, which allows new cytoplasm growth to separate the two organelle-nucleus in addition to the cytoplasmic DNA.
2,715,000,000 YBN	72) Mitosis, asexual copying of a haploid (single set of chomosomes) eukaryote nucleus, evolves in eukaryotes. Before mitosis, there is a synthesis stage where DNA in the form of chromosomes are duplicated in the nucleus before the nucleus and cell divide.
2,710,000,000 YBN	73) Sex (cell and genetic fusion, syngamy, gametogamy) evolves in protists. Haploid (1 set of chromosomes) eukaryote cells merge and then their nuclei merge (karyogamy) to form the first diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) cells (the first zygote). This fusion of 2 haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which then immediately divides (both nucleus and cytoplasm by single-division meiosis) back to two haploid cells. Possibly first, only cytoplasmic merging happened with nuclear merging (karyogamy) and nuclear division (karyokinesis) evolving later. Now, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more chance of variety/mutation. Two chromosome sets provides a backup copy of important genes (sequences that code for proteins, or nucleic acids) that might be lost with only a set of single chromosomes. The life cycle of future organisms will now have two phases, a gamophase (from n to 2n (until syngamy)), and zygophase (from 2n to n (until meiosis)). Gamoid cells are not haploid in polyploid organisms.
2,710,000,000 YBN	206) Meiosis (one-step meiosis, one DNA duplication and a cell division of a diploid cell into 2 haploid cells) evolves.
2,706,000,000 YBN	299) Duplication of diploid DNA (after 2 haploid cells fuse) evolves.
2,705,000,000 YBN	210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves. This begins the "diplontic" life cycle (with gametic meiosis), where diploid cells (a zygote) can copy asexually through mitosis after merging. This organism, when haploid, cannot do mitosis (presumably haploid gamete mitosis will evolve much later in brown algae), and this is still true in all descendents (including humans) of this single celled organism.
2,704,000,000 YBN	296) The origin of gender evolves: sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two isogamous (same size) gametes but which have 2 different (+ and -) forms (genders).
2,703,000,000 YBN	297) Sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two different size gamete cells (heterogamy or anisogamy) evolves in protists.
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) Oldest steranes (formed from sterols, molecules made by mitochondria in eukaryotes) found in northwestern Australia.
2,692,000,000 YBN	300) Diploid cell fusion (Gamontogamy) evolves.
2,690,000,000 YBN	295) Meiosis (two step meiosis, two cell divisions with no stage in between which result in one diplid cell dividing into four haploid cells) evolves.
2,650,000,000 YBN	170) First bacteria live on land.
2,558,000,000 YBN	171) Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus (Thermus Aquaticus {used in PCR}, Deinococcus radiodurans {can survive long exposure to radiation}) evolve now.
2,558,000,000 YBN	172) Genetic comparison shows Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria (ancestor of all eukaryote chloroplasts {plastids}) evolving now. There is a conflict between the interpretation of the geological and the genetic evidence as to if oxygen photosynthesis and cyanobacteria evolved earlier around 3800mybn or here at 2500mybn.
2,558,000,000 YBN	315) Phylum Chloroflexi, (Green Non-Sulphur) evolve now.
2,500,000,000 YBN	52) End Archean Era, Start Proterozoic Era.
2,500,000,000 YBN	56) Banded Iron Formations start to appear in many places.
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Very large ice age that lasts 200 million years starts now.
2,335,000,000 YBN	290) The nucleolus, a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomes, evolves.
2,330,000,000 YBN	198) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum evolves in eukaryote cell.
2,325,000,000 YBN	199) Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus, dictyosome) evolves in eukaryote cell.
2,310,000,000 YBN	200) The golgi body in eukaryote cells makes lysosomes which fuse with endosomes. The various molecules in lysosomes digest the contents of the endosome, which then exits the cell as waste.
2,305,000,000 YBN	63) A parasitic bacterium, a bacterium that can only live in other bacteria, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic alpha-proteobacteria that causes louse-borne typhus, enters an early eukaryote cell. As time continues a symbiotic relationship evolves, where the Rickettsia forms the mitochondria, organelles of every euokaryote cell. The mitochondria perform the Acid Citric Cycle (Krebs Cycle), using oxygen to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O, and provide up 38 ATP molecules. Mitochondria reproduce by themselves, and are not created by the DNA in the cell nucleus. As time continues some of the DNA from the mitochondria merges with the cell nucleus DNA. Mitochondria produce sterol used to make the eukaryote cell wall flexible. Because mitochondria need Oxygen, but the level of oxygen is very low on earth, oxygen may be provided by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria living near these cells. All eukaryotes alive today either have mitochondria except the amitochondriate excavates (metamonads), the most ancient of the eukaryotes alive today. That parabasalids have hydrogenosomes, anaerobic organelles that seem to have evolved from mitochondria, many people think amitochondriate species lost their mitochondria over time.
2,303,000,000 YBN	203) Bikonts (two cilia) evolve from Unikonts (one cilium). Bikonts (also called anterokonts for having anterior {forward facing} cilia) will evolve into the vast majority of the Protist and all of the Plant Kingdoms. The Unikonts will evolve into the ameobozoa (tenatively), and the opisthokonts (ancestrally posterior cilium) which include the entire Fungi and Animal Kingdoms.
2,300,000,000 YBN	47) Most recent evidence of uraninite, a mineral that cannot exist for much time if exposed to oxygen, indicating that free oxygen is accumulating in the air of earth for the first time.
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest Red Beds, iron oxide formed on land, begin here and are evidence of more free oxygen in the air of earth.
2,300,000,000 YBN	219) Genetic comparison shows the oldest line of eukaryotes still in existence, the oldest living protists, in the Phylum "Metamonada" (Excavates) originating now. This is where the eukaryote line is created and separates from the archaebacteria (archaea) line. Most of these species have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. Mitochondria are thought to have been lost secondarily, although this is not certain.
2,000,000,000 YBN	293) Genetic comparison shows the the Eukaryote Phylum "Loukozoa" (Jakobea and Malawimonadea) originating now. These species have mitochondria with tubular cristae, and are the most ancient species that still have mitochondria. This species is the most ancient known species to have a shell. This first hard shells (lorika) made of calcium carbonate (Calcite CaCO3), plates of silica (SiO2), or carbon-based molecules evolve around the single-celled species living in the ocean. Perhaps this shell served to protect the cell from external damage from being eaten by other eukaryotes (zooplankton), infection by bacteria or viruses, control of buoyancy, to filter UV light, against damage by non-living sources.
1,990,000,000 YBN	202) Eukaryotes with discoidal cristae mitochondria split from the tubular christae line. This is the origin of the Discicristata: species that have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove.
1,990,000,000 YBN	301) Haplodiplontic (Diplohaplontic, Diplobiontic) life cycle (organism with both diploid and haploid "alternate life stages" that reproduce asexually by mitosis) with "sporic meiosis" evolves. In this life cycle haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote which divides by meiosis producing haploid spores that produce (differentiate?) gametes, starting the cycle again. Initially these species are single celled in both stages (like Haptophyta).
1,988,000,000 YBN	317) Eukaryotes that have mitochondria with flat christae evolve from those with tubular christae.
1,982,000,000 YBN	87) Genetic comparison shows the most primitive living members of the Phylum "Euglenozoa" (euglenids, leishmania, trypanosomes, kinetoplastids) evolved at this time. This is the oldest eukaryote to exhibit colonialism. Perhaps eukaryote colonialism is partially or fully inherited from prokaryotes, but colonialism may have evolved independently again in eukaryotes. This is the most ancient species known to have a cell covering, which is of the type "pellicle".
1,982,000,000 YBN	294) Genetic comparison shows the Phylum "Percolozoa" (also called "Heterolobosea") (acrasid slime molds) evolved at this time.
1,980,000,000 YBN	38) Multicellularity evolves in a protist. Multicellularity is a very important event in the evolution of life on earth. With multicellular organisms, larger sized organisms could evolve. There are many uncertainties surrounding the origin of multicellularity. Multicellularity may have evolved independently for Plants, Fungi and Animals, or multicellularity may have evolved only once in eukaryotes. The key feature of this cell is that a multicellular organism is made from a single cell and the multicellular organism is not a collection of independent cells (colonialism). The main difference between this organism and single-celled organisms is the way the cells stay fastened together after cell division. Which species was the first multicellular species is not clear. Multicellularity is found in all 3 life cycles (haplontic, diplontic, haplodiplontic). The 3 main life cycle types (haplontic, etc.) probably evolved in single cell species before multicellularity evolved. If multicellularity evolved once and is inherited, perhaps all multicellular organism descended from a single haplodiplontic organism. These multicellular organisms have undifferentiated cells in the multicellular stage (all cells in the haploid or diploid multicellular organism are made of one kind of cell).
1,978,000,000 YBN	15) Multicellularity with differentiation evolves. Multicellular organisms are no longer all haploid or diploid gamete producing cells (or spore producing if haplodiplontic), but are made of gamete (or spore) producing cells in addition to somatic cells which copy asexually through mitosis. Now, in addition to being large multicell organisms, multicellular organisms can have differentiated cells that form a variety of different shaped structures, and perform different functions.
1,973,000,001 YBN	88) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the "Chromalveolates" evolving now. Chromalveolates include the Chromista and Alveolata. The Chromista include the 3 Phyla Haptophyta, Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads), and Heterokontophyta (brown algae {kelp}, diatoms, water molds). Alveolata include the 3 Phyla Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa (Malaria, Toxoplasmosis), and Ciliophora (ciliates).
1,972,000,000 YBN	304) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of Chromalveolate Phlyum Haptophyta evolving now.
1,971,000,000 YBN	305) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Chromalveolate Phylum "Cryptophyta" (Cryptomonads) evolving now.
1,970,000,000 YBN	306) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Chromalveolate Phylum "Heterokontophyta" (Heterokonts also called Stramenopiles) evolving now. Heterokonts include brown algae, diatoms, golden algae, axodines, yellow-green algae, water moulds and slime nets.
1,969,000,000 YBN	307) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) evolves now. Brown Algae is the most genetically ancient multicellular organism still living on earth. In addition to being first to evolve multicellularity, cell differentiation (cells of different types) is already present in all brown algae.
1,968,000,000 YBN	308) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Diatoms evolve.
1,967,000,000 YBN	309) Chromalveolate Heterokont, Water molds (Oomycetes OemISETEZ) evolve.
1,966,000,000 YBN	310) Chromalveolate Alveolata (Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans) evolve.
1,964,000,000 YBN	312) Ciliates evolve.
1,963,000,000 YBN	313) Dinoflagellates evolve.
1,962,000,000 YBN	314) Apicomplexans evolve.
1,961,000,000 YBN	89) Genetic comparison shows Rhizaria (the Phyla "Radiolaria", "Cercozoa", and "Foraminifera") evolve now. This marks the beginning of the protists described as "amoeboid", because they have pseudopods.
1,961,000,000 YBN	320) Rhizaria Phylum "Cercozoa" evolve now.
1,960,000,000 YBN	319) Rhizaria Phylum "Radiolaria" evolve now.
1,960,000,000 YBN	321) Rhizaria Phylum "Foraminifera" evolve now.
1,900,000,000 YBN	66) Oldest Acritarch (eucaryote) fossils.
1,874,000,000 YBN	61) Oldest non-acritarch Eukaryote fossil Grypania spiralis (an alga 10 cm long) from BIF in Michigan. Oldest algae fossil.
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of the Banded Iron Formation Rocks.
1,576,000,000 YBN	67) A eukaroyte cell forms a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, which form plastids (chloroplasts). Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.
1,513,000,000 YBN	221) First fungi evolve.
1,500,000,000 YBN	323) First plant (single cell, similar to glaucophytes) evolves.
1,400,000,000 YBN	86) Glaucophyta evolve.
1,400,000,000 YBN	197) Opisthokonts (posterior cilium) evolve from Unikonts (ancestrally only one cilium). Opisthokonts have flat mitochondrial cristae and go on to form the Animal and Fungi kingdoms.
1,400,000,000 YBN	220) Amoebozoa (amoeba, slime molds) evolve now.
1,300,000,000 YBN	188) Green Algae, composed of the 2 Phlya Chlorophyta (volvox, sea lettuce) and Charophyta (Spirogyra) evolve.
1,300,000,000 YBN	209) Red Algae (Rhodophyta) evolve now.
1,280,000,000 YBN	187) A eukaryote rhodophyte (red alga) is enslaved by a chromealveolate eukaryote to form a plastid in the chromealveolate. This kind of plastid is presumably inherited by all other chromalveolates (brown algae, diatoms, water molds, Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, ciliates) that have plastids.
1,250,000,000 YBN	201) Oldest widely accepted Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils (Bangiomorpha pubescens) from Hunting Formation, Somerset Island, arctic Canada.
1,100,000,000 YBN	75) Most ancient living fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.
1,000,000,000 YBN	223) Fungi phylum "Chytridiomycota" evolves.
1,000,000,000 YBN	324) Phylum Choanozoa (Mesomycetozoea/DRIPs, Choanoflagellates) evolves.
1,000,000,000 YBN	325) The Choanozoan "Mesomycetozoaea" (DRIPs) evolve.
967,000,000 YBN	97) A lens and light sensitive area evolve in unicellular eukaryote living objects. This is the first proto eye.
900,000,000 YBN	326) The Choanozoans "Choanoflagellates" and "Acanthoecida" evolve.
855,000,000 YBN	286) A key step in metazoan multicellularity evolves, where a zygote produces differentiated cells that stick together to form one organism.
850,000,000 YBN	81) First animal and first metazoan evolve. Metazoans are multicellular, but their cells perform different functions and originate from one cell(?). This is`also the beginning of the Animal Subkingdom "Radiata", species with radial symmetry. These are the sponges. There are only 3 kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians (which include all insects and vertibrates). Sponges are the first organisms whose DNA codes for more than one kind of cell. Sponges have 3 different cell types. Some cells form a body wall, some digest food, some form a skeletal frame.
850,000,000 YBN	101) First homeobox, or "hox" genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts.
850,000,000 YBN	224) Genetic comparison shows Fungi division "Zygomycota" (bread molds, pin molds, microsporidia,...) evolving now.
780,000,000 YBN	79) Animal Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.
750,000,000 YBN	83) Animal Phlyum Ctenophora (comb jellies) evolves.
750,000,000 YBN	225) Genetic comparison shows Fungi division "Glomeromycota" (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) evolving now.
700,000,000 YBN	82) First cnidarians (coelantrates), jellyfish evolves. Jellyfish have photon detecting cells and a lens made of ?.
700,000,000 YBN	226) The second largest group of Fungi, the phylum "Basidiomycota" (most mushrooms, rusts, club fungi) evolve.
700,000,000 YBN	227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" (yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, morels, sac fungi) evolves.
700,000,000 YBN	228) Genetic comparison shows the largest and second largest lines of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) splitting now.
630,000,000 YBN	91) First bilateral (has 2 sided symmetry) species evolves. Animal phylum Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida) evolves. This begins the Subkingdom "Bilateria".
590,000,000 YBN	93) Protostomes evolve. Many phyla evolve at this time. Protostomes include the 3 infrakingdoms Ecdysozoa (a variety of worms and the arthropods {a huge group including all insects and crustaceans}), Platyzoa (rotifers and flatworms), and Lophotrochozoa (brachiopods {clams}, molluscs {snails}, and a variety of worms).
580,000,000 YBN	94) Earliest animal fossil from Doushantuo formation in China.
580,000,000 YBN	165) Earliest bilaterian fossil, Vernanimalcula, 178 um in length, from Doushantuo Formation, China. First fossil of organism with bilateral symmetry, mouth, digestive track, gut and anus.
580,000,000 YBN	318) Protostome Infrakingdom Ecdysozoa evolves. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skins) as they grow. Ecdysozoa include: the Phylum "Chaetognatha" (Arrow Worms), the Superphylum "Aschelminthes", containing the 5 Phlya: "Kinorhyncha" (kinorhynchs) "Loricifera" (loriciferans) "Nematoda" (round worms) "Nematomorpha" (horsehair worms), "Priapulida" (priapulids) the Superphlyum "Panarthropoda" containing the 3 Phyla: "Arthropoda" (arthropods: insects, shell fish) "Onychophora" (onychophorans) "Tardigrada" (tardigrades)
574,000,000 YBN	96) First neuron, nerve cell, and nervous system evolves in bilaterians.
570,000,000 YBN	95) Fluid filled cavity, coelom evolves in early bilaterians.
570,000,000 YBN	105) Deuterostomes evolve. This is the beginning of the Subkingdom Deuterostomia and Infrakingdom "Coelomopora" (Ambulacraria) with the two Phyla "Hemichordata" (acorn worms) and "Echinodermata" (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish).
570,000,000 YBN	311) Ecdysozoa phylum Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms) evolves.
570,000,000 YBN	345) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Hemichordonia (acorn worms) evolves.
570,000,000 YBN	346) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Echinodermata (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish) evolves.
565,000,000 YBN	98) First circulatory system and red blood cells evolve in bilaterian worms.
565,000,000 YBN	327) Infrakingdom Platyzoa (includes Superphylum Gnathifera {gnathiferans}, Phylum Gastrotricha {gastrotrichs}, and Phylum Platyhelminthes {flatworms}) evolve.
565,000,000 YBN	347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordata is a very large group that contains all fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
565,000,000 YBN	348) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Tunicata (tunicates {sea squirts}) evolves.
562,000,000 YBN	99) Segmentation evolves.
561,000,000 YBN	100) Filter feeding, filtering food and oxygen from water through a digestive system, evolves in segmented worms.
560,000,000 YBN	330) The two Ecdysozoa Superphyla Ashelminthes (round worms, horsehair worms, priapulids) and Pananthropoda (arthropods, onychophorans, tardigrades) separate.
560,000,000 YBN	349) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) evolves. This is the first fish.
550,000,000 YBN	328) Ecdysozoa Superphylum "Ashelminthes" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs), Loricifera (loriciferans), Nematoda (round worms), Nematomorpha (horsehair worms), Priapulida (priapulids).
550,000,000 YBN	329) Platyzoa Superphylum "Gnathifera" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Gnat hostomulida (gnathostomulids), Cycliophora (cycliophorans), Micrognathozoa, Rotifera (rotifers), Acanthocephala (acanthocephalans).
547,000,000 YBN	331) The Protostome Infrakingdom Lophotrochozoa evolves. This includes brachiopods, bryozoans, clams, squids and octopuses (cephalopods), and snails.
547,000,000 YBN	332) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Lophophorata evolves. This includes the two Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) and Brachiopoda (brachiopods {clams, oysters, muscles}).
547,000,000 YBN	333) The Lophotrochozoa Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) evolves.
547,000,000 YBN	334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods {clams, oysters, muscles}) evolves.
545,000,000 YBN	335) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Entoprocta (entoprocts) evolves.
543,000,000 YBN	53) End Precambrian Eon, start Phanerozoic Eon. End Proterozoic Era, start Paleozoic Era.
543,000,000 YBN	104) The Platyzoa Phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) evolve.
543,000,000 YBN	120) Start Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).
543,000,000 YBN	336) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans or moss animals) evolves.
543,000,000 YBN	337) The Ecdysozoa Superphylum Panarthropoda (Arthropods, Onychophora, Tardigrada) evolves.
543,000,000 YBN	338) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans) evolve.
543,000,000 YBN	339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora (onychophorans) evolves.
543,000,000 YBN	340) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada (tardigrades) evolves.
542,000,000 YBN	131) First shell (or skeleton) evolves.
541,000,000 YBN	102) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Eutrochozoa (molluscs, ribbon, peanut, spoon, and segmented worms) evolves.
541,000,000 YBN	132) Archaeocyatha (early sponges) evolve.
541,000,000 YBN	341) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) evolves.
540,000,000 YBN	133) Earliest trilobite fossil.
539,000,000 YBN	342) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca (brachiopods, bryozoans, clams, mussels, squids and octopuses {cephalopods}, and snails) evolves.
537,000,000 YBN	343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolve.
537,000,000 YBN	344) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Sipuncula (peanut worms) evolve.
530,000,000 YBN	350) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata evolves. This Subphylum contains most fish, all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
530,000,000 YBN	351) Subphylum Vertebrata jawless fish (agnatha) evolve.
530,000,000 YBN	386) Oldest fossil vertebrate and fish.
520,000,000 YBN	205) Dinoflagellate biological markers measured in Kopli quarry, Tallinn, Estonia.
507,000,000 YBN	149) Marrella (Arthropod) fossils in Burgess Shale.
490,000,000 YBN	121) Start Ordovician (490-443 mybn), end Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).
475,000,000 YBN	90) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of all plants (Kingdom Plantae) evolving at this time (in the view that algae are protists and not plants).
475,000,000 YBN	232) Genetic comparison shows the non-vascular plant and vascular plant lines splitting now.
475,000,000 YBN	244) Genetic comparison shows non-vascular plants (Bryophytes) (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses) evolving now.
475,000,000 YBN	352) Subphylum Vertebrata jawless fish lampreys and hagfish lines separate.
464,000,000 YBN	398) Earliest fossil spore belonging to land plants.
460,000,000 YBN	353) Jawed vertebrates (Infraphylum Gnathostomata) evolve. This large group includes all jawed fish, all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
460,000,000 YBN	354) Jawed vertebrate (Infraphylum Gnathostomata) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) evolve.
450,000,000 YBN	106) First chordates. The Chordata phylum includes all tunicates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The living chordate with the oldest DNA design are tunicates.
443,000,000 YBN	122) Start Silurian period (443-417), end Ordovician period (490-443 mybn).
440,000,000 YBN	360) In the Jawed Fishes, the Ray-finned fishes (Subclass Actinopterygii) evolve.
428,000,000 YBN	401) Oldest fossil of vascular land plants, Cooksonia.
428,000,000 YBN	402) Oldest fossil land animal, the millipede Pneumodesmus.
425,000,000 YBN	377) Coelacanths evolve.
417,000,000 YBN	123) Start Devonian period (417-354 mybn), end Silurian period (443-417 mybn).
417,000,000 YBN	378) Lungfishes evolve.
412,000,000 YBN	403) Oldest fossil lung fish.
409,000,000 YBN	404) Oldest fossil shark.
400,000,000 YBN	236) Genetic comparison shows the oldest line of living vascular plants from the Division "Lycophyta" evolving now.
400,000,000 YBN	399) Earliest fossil of an insect.
390,000,000 YBN	355) Cartilaginous Fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) Subclass Subterbranchialia and Subclass Elasmobranchii (shark-like fishes) separate.
390,000,000 YBN	356) Subclass Subterbranchialia Superorder Holocephali (chimaeras: eg. elephant fish) evolves.
380,000,000 YBN	243) Genetic comparison shows the Fern line and the line that leads to Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) separating now.
380,000,000 YBN	246) Genetic comparison shows the Spore producing and Seed producing plant lines separating now.
380,000,000 YBN	405) Oldest fossil large trees. First forests.
380,000,000 YBN	406) Oldest fossil spider.
375,000,000 YBN	407) Oldest fossil amphibian, and land vertebrate.
360,000,000 YBN	237) Genetic comparison shows Ferns (Plant Division "Pteridophyta") evolving now.
360,000,000 YBN	408) Devonian mass extinction caused by ice age.
354,000,000 YBN	124) Start Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn), end Devonian period (417-354 mybn).
350,000,000 YBN	361) In the Ray-finned fishes Superdivision Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish) evolves.
350,000,000 YBN	362) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivsion Cladistia (Bichirs) evolves.
340,000,000 YBN	379) Tetrapods evolve.
340,000,000 YBN	380) Amphibians (Caecillians, frogs, toads, Salamanders) evolve.
330,000,000 YBN	409) Oldest fossil conifer.
325,000,000 YBN	381) The Amphibians Caecillians evolve.
320,000,000 YBN	238) Genetic comparison shows the oldest living Gymnosperms from the Plant Kingdom evolving now.
318,000,000 YBN	242) Genetic comparison shows the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms lines separating now.
315,000,000 YBN	410) Oldest fossil reptile.
315,000,000 YBN	411) Oldest fossil of flying insect (mayfly?).
315,000,000 YBN	453) Allegheny mountains form as a result of the collision of Europe and eastern North America.
310,000,000 YBN	384) Egg evolves. This group, the Amniota, will branch into the 3 major Classes: Reptiles (Sauropsida), Birds (Aves), and Mammals (Synapsida).
310,000,000 YBN	385) Reptiles evolve.
305,000,000 YBN	382) The Amphibians Frogs and Toads evolve.
305,000,000 YBN	383) Amphibians Salamanders evolve.
300,000,000 YBN	387) Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins evolve.
290,000,000 YBN	125) Start Permian period (290-248 mybn), end Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn).
280,000,000 YBN	388) Anapsids (iguanas and snakes) and diapsids (crocodiles) separate.
260,000,000 YBN	363) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivision Actinopteri evolves.
260,000,000 YBN	364) In the Ray-finned fishes Infradivision Actinopteri, Gars evolve.
255,000,000 YBN	389) Tuataras evolve.
251,000,000 YBN	452) The supercontinent Pangea forms.
250,000,000 YBN	396) The Permian mass extinction event happens. This is the most devastating mass extinction event in the history of earth.
248,000,000 YBN	54) End Paleozoic Era, start Mesozoic Era.
248,000,000 YBN	126) Start Triassic period (248-206 mybn), end Permian period (290-248 mybn).
245,000,000 YBN	392) Crocodiles, allegators, caimans evolve.
245,000,000 YBN	393) Birds evolve.
240,000,000 YBN	365) Actinopteri Superdivision Neopterygii evolves.
240,000,000 YBN	366) In Superdivision Neopterygii, Subdivision Halecomorphi, Bow fish (Amiiformes) evolve.
240,000,000 YBN	367) Bow fish evolve.
228,000,000 YBN	412) Oldest dinosaur fossil, Eorapter was found in South America.
220,000,000 YBN	400) Oldest mammal fossil.
215,000,000 YBN	428) Oldest Pterosaur fossil.
210,000,000 YBN	368) Subdivision Teleostei (eels, herrings, anchovies, carp, minnows, piranha, salmon, trout, pike, perch, seahorse, cod) evolves.
210,000,000 YBN	369) Bonytongues evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	390) Iguanas, chamaeleons, spiny lizards evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	391) Snakes, Skinks, Geckos evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	413) Oldest turtle fossil.
209,500,000 YBN	489) Triconodonta (extinct mammals) evolve.
206,000,000 YBN	127) Start Jurassic period (206-144 mybn), end Triassic period (248-206 mybn).
200,000,000 YBN	370) Eels and tarpons (Elopocephala) evolve.
199,000,000 YBN	414) End of Triassic mass extinction, because of climate (temperature?, weather?) changes. Large outpourings of lava from break-up of Pangea may have caused climate change.
190,000,000 YBN	357) Subclass Elasmobranchii (shark-like fishes) divides into 2 divisions Squalea (rays, skates) and Galeomorphii (great white, hammerhead, nurse, sand tiger sharks).
190,000,000 YBN	358) Division Squalea (rays, skates) evolve.
190,000,000 YBN	359) Division Galeomorphii (great white, hammerhead, nurse, sand tiger sharks) evolve.
190,000,000 YBN	371) Herrings and anchovies evolve.
185,000,000 YBN	194) Oldest diatom (Heterokonts or Chromalveolates) fossils.
180,000,000 YBN	456) First mammals, Monotremes evolves. Monotremes lay eggs and are the oldest warm blooded species of record.
175,000,000 YBN	245) Genetic comparison shows the most ancient flowering plant (Angiosperm) still alive, "Amborella" evolving now.
170,000,000 YBN	372) Carp, minnows, Piranhas evolve.
170,000,000 YBN	373) Salmon, Trout, Pike evolve.
150,000,000 YBN	374) Lightfish and Dragonfish evolve.
150,000,000 YBN	394) Oldest bird fossil, Archaeopteryx.
150,000,000 YBN	395) Bird Confuciusornis fossil. Unlike Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis had no teeth.
146,000,000 YBN	490) Multituberculata (extinct major branch of mammals) evolve.
145,000,000 YBN	415) Oldest flower fossil.
144,000,000 YBN	128) Start Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn), end Jurassic period (206-144 mybn).
140,000,000 YBN	457) Marsupials evolve.
140,000,000 YBN	458) Metornithes (early birds) evolve.
138,000,000 YBN	459) Ornithothoraces (early birds) evolve.
136,000,000 YBN	460) Enantiornithes (early birds) evolve.
134,000,000 YBN	461) Ornithurae (early birds) evolve.
132,000,000 YBN	462) Hesperornithiformes (early birds) evolve.
130,000,000 YBN	375) Perch, Plaice, seahorses evolve.
130,000,000 YBN	376) Cod, hake, anglerfish evolve.
128,000,000 YBN	252) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group "Monocotyledons" (Monocots) evolving now. Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.
128,000,000 YBN	253) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group Eudicots (includes most former dicotyledons) evolving now. Eudicots are the largest lineage of flowers.
128,000,000 YBN	255) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm groups "Asterids" and "Rosids" evolving and separating now.
128,000,000 YBN	266) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Monocotyledon" (Monocot) group "Commelinids" evolving now.
128,000,000 YBN	267) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Core Eudicots" evolving now.
120,000,000 YBN	463) Neornithes (modern birds) evolve.
110,000,000 YBN	416) Sauroposiedon, a long-neck brachiosaur (sauropod) fossil.
105,000,000 YBN	417) Argentinosaurus, a long-neck titanosaur (sauropod) fossil.
105,000,000 YBN	491) Afrotheres (elephants, manatees, aardvarks) evolve.
100,000,000 YBN	418) Carnotaurus fossil, a horned, meat-eating (theropod) dinosaur from South America.
100,000,000 YBN	464) Tinamiformes (modern birds) evolve.
100,000,000 YBN	465) Ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, kiwis) evolve.
95,000,000 YBN	419) Spinosaurus fossil, perhaps the largest meat-eating dinosaur, estimated to have been 45 to 50 feet long.
95,000,000 YBN	498) Xenarthrans (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos) evolve.
85,000,000 YBN	466) Galliformes (Chicken, Duck, Goose, Turkey, Pheasants, Peacocks, Quail) evolve.
85,000,000 YBN	467) Anseriformes (water birds) evolve.
85,000,000 YBN	499) Laurasuatheres evolve. This is a major line of mammals that include: bats, camels, pigs, deer, sheep, hippos, whales, horses, rhinos, cats, dogs, bears, seals, walrus).
84,000,000 YBN	454) Laramide (Rocky) mountains form.
82,000,000 YBN	420) Hadrosaurs, duck-billed dinosaurs are common.
82,000,000 YBN	500) Shrews, moles, hedgehogs (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
80,000,000 YBN	421) Protoceratops, an early shield-headed (ceratopsian) dinosaur fossil.
80,000,000 YBN	422) Raptor (dromaeosaur) fossils.
80,000,000 YBN	482) American and true opossums (American Marsupials) evolve.
80,000,000 YBN	501) Bats (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
78,000,000 YBN	502) Camels, Pigs, Deer, Sheep, Hippos, Whales (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
77,000,000 YBN	483) Shrew opossums (American Marsupials) evolve.
76,000,000 YBN	503) Horses, Tapirs, Rhinos (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
75,000,000 YBN	423) Ceratopsian (shield-headed) dinosaurs are common.
75,000,000 YBN	492) Aardvark (Afrotheres) evolves.
75,000,000 YBN	504) Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, Walruses (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
75,000,000 YBN	505) Pangolins (Laurasuatheres) evolve.
75,000,000 YBN	506) Euarchontoglires evolve. This is a major line of mammals that includes rats, squirrels, rabbits, lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.
73,000,000 YBN	484) Bandicoots and Bilbies (Australian Marsupials) evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs of all time exist. Tyrannosaurus rex is the top predator in North America and Giganotosaurus is in South America.
70,000,000 YBN	425) Ankylosaurs (shield back and/or club tails) evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	426) Mososaurs, sea serpents evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	493) Tenrecs and golden moles (Afrotheres) evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	494) Elephant Shrews (Afrotheres) evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	507) The ancestor of all rabbits, hares and pikas evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	516) The ancestor of Tree Shrews and Colugos evolves.
65,500,000 YBN	397) End of Cretaceous mass extinction event happens.
65,000,000 YBN	55) End Mesozoic Era, start Cenozoic Era.
65,000,000 YBN	129) Start Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), end Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn).
65,000,000 YBN	427) Largest Pterasaur, Quetzalcoatlus evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	429) Rapid increase in new species of fossil mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
65,000,000 YBN	468) Gruiformes (cranes and rails) evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	470) Strigiformes (owls) evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	485) Marsupial moles (Australian marsupials) evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	486) Tasmanian Devil, Numbat (Australian marsupials) evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	487) Monita Del Monte (Australian marsupial) evolves.
65,000,000 YBN	488) Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, Koalas (Australian marsupials) evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	508) The ancestor of all rats, mice, gerbils, voloes, lemmings, and hamsters evolves.
65,000,000 YBN	509) The ancestor of all Beavers, Pocket gophers, Pocket mice and kangaroo rats evolves.
65,000,000 YBN	807) Cetardiodactyla branch. The ancestor of camels and llamas splits with the ancestor of the rest of the Even-Toed Ungulates (Cetardiodactyla/Artiodactyla: pigs, ruminants, hippos, dolphins and whales).
63,000,000 YBN	510) The ancestor of all Springhares and Scaly-tailed Squirrels evolves.
63,000,000 YBN	517) The ancestor of Lemurs evolves.
63,000,000 YBN	587) Primates evolve.
62,000,000 YBN	495) Elephants (Afrotheres) evolve.
60,000,000 YBN	430) In South America, Andes mountians begin to form.
60,000,000 YBN	431) Oldest fossil rodent.
60,000,000 YBN	586) Oldest potential primate fossil in Morocco.
60,000,000 YBN	796) Largest terrestrial carnivorous mammal yet found, Andrewsarchus skull dates from now {verify}.
60,000,000 YBN	808) The ancestors of pigs splits from the line that leads to the Ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, buffalo, deer, wildebeast, antelope), hippos, dolphins, and whales.
59,000,000 YBN	496) Hyraxes (Afrotheres) evolve.
59,000,000 YBN	497) Manatees and Dugong (Afrotheres) evolve.
58,000,000 YBN	511) The ancestor of all Dormice, Mountain Beaver, Squirrels and Marmots evolves.
58,000,000 YBN	524) Primate Tarsiers evolve.
57,000,000 YBN	433) Oldest hooved mammal fossil.
55,000,000 YBN	436) Oldest horse fossil.
55,000,000 YBN	512) Gundis evolves.
55,000,000 YBN	809) Lines that lead to Ruminants and Hippos split.
54,970,000 YBN	434) Oldest primate skull.
54,000,000 YBN	810) The line that leads to Hippos and the line to dolphins and whales split.
53,500,000 YBN	812) Oldest fossils of dolphins and whales semiaquatic "Pakicetus".
51,000,000 YBN	513) OW Porcupines evolve.
50,000,000 YBN	437) Oldest elephant fossil.
50,000,000 YBN	438) Himalayan mountains start to form as India collides with Eurasia.
50,000,000 YBN	518) Primates Lorises, Bushbabbies, Pottos evolve.
49,000,000 YBN	474) Falconiformes (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World vultures) evolve.
49,000,000 YBN	514) African mole rats, cane rates, dassle rats evolve.
49,000,000 YBN	515) NW porcupines, guinea pigs, agoutis, capybara evolve.
45,000,000 YBN	519) Primate Aye-aye evolves.
40,000,000 YBN	440) In Europe the Alpines start to form.
40,000,000 YBN	441) Oldest fossil of Miacis, a weasel-like ancestor of bears and dogs.
40,000,000 YBN	525) The ancestor of all New World Monkeys evolves.
37,000,000 YBN	442) Oldest fossil of dog, Hesperocyon.
37,000,000 YBN	471) Apodiformes (hummingbirds, swifts) evolve.
37,000,000 YBN	475) Cuculiformes (cuckoos, roadrunners, possibly hoatzin) evolve.
37,000,000 YBN	476) Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans) evolve.
34,000,000 YBN	813) Toothed whales (dolphin, sperm whale, killer whale) and Baleen whales (blue, humpback, gray whale) lines split.
30,000,000 YBN	443) Indrictotherium lives in India, and is the largest land mammal in the history of earth.
30,000,000 YBN	520) Primate True Lemurs evolves.
28,000,000 YBN	477) Passeriformes (perching songbirds) evolve. This Order includes many common birds: crow, jay, sparrow, warbler, mockingbird, robin, orioles, bluebirds, vireos, larks, finches.
28,000,000 YBN	811) The Dolphin and Whale line split. *see Toothed and baleen split.
27,000,000 YBN	521) Primates Wooly and Leaping Lemurs evolve.
25,000,000 YBN	444) Oldest cat fossil.
25,000,000 YBN	522) Primates Sportive Lemurs evolve.
25,000,000 YBN	523) Primates Mouse and Dwarf Lemurs evolve.
25,000,000 YBN	531) The two major lines which lead to Old World Monkeys and hominids (lesser and great apes) split.
24,000,000 YBN	662) Ancestor of all Apes and Hominids loses tail.
23,000,000 YBN	478) Echidnas (monotremes) evolve.
23,000,000 YBN	479) Duck-Billed Platypus (Monotremes) evolve.
22,000,000 YBN	526) Titis, Sakis and Uakaris (New World Monkeys) evolve.
22,000,000 YBN	527) Howler, Spider and Woolly monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve.
22,000,000 YBN	528) Capuchin and Squirrel monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve.
21,000,000 YBN	529) Night (or Owl) monkeys (New World Monkeys) evolve.
21,000,000 YBN	530) Tamarins and Marmosets (New World Monkeys) evolve.
20,000,000 YBN	549) The ancestor of all the homonids (Lesser and Great Apes), moves over land from Africa into Europe and Asia.
18,000,000 YBN	537) Ancestor of all Gibbons (Lesser Ape Hominids) evolves in Eurasia.
14,000,000 YBN	532) The Old World Monkey family divides into Cercopithecinae (Macaques and Baboons) and Colobinae (Colobus and Proboscis monkies).
14,000,000 YBN	542) Orangutans evolve in Asia.
10,500,000 YBN	538) Crested Gibbons evolve.
10,000,000 YBN	533) Colobus monkeys (Old World Monkey) evolve.
10,000,000 YBN	534) Langurs and Proboscis monkeys (Old World Monkey) evolve.
10,000,000 YBN	535) Guenons (Old World Monkey) evolve.
10,000,000 YBN	536) Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills (Old World Monkey) evolve.
9,000,000 YBN	550) The ancestor of the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and archaic humans moves over land from Eurasia back into Africa.
8,000,000 YBN	544) Common ancestor of chimpanzee and human lives in Africa.
7,750,000 YBN	539) Siamang evolve.
7,000,000 YBN	543) Gorillas evolves.
6,000,000 YBN	540) Hylobates Gibbons evolve.
6,000,000 YBN	541) Hoolock Gibbon evolves.
5,500,000 YBN	567) Two-leg walking (bipedalism) evolves in early hominids.
4,400,000 YBN	547) Australopithecus evolves.
4,000,000 YBN	445) Oldest Australopithecus fossil in Africa.
3,000,000 YBN	446) North and South America connect.
2,700,000 YBN	564) Paranthropus, a line of extinct bipedal early homonids evolves in Africa.
2,500,000 YBN	447) Oldest Homo Habilis fossil. This is the earliest member of the genus Homo. This is when the human brain begins to get bigger. Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of Homo ergaster. Homo Habilis evolved in Africa.
2,450,000 YBN	589) Homo Habilis evolve smaller, thinner and less body hair.
SCIENCE
2,400,000 YBN	455) Oldest formed stone tools.
2,000,000 YBN	545) Bonobos (Chimpanzees) evolve.
2,000,000 YBN	546) Common Chimpanzees evolve.
2,000,000 YBN	593) Homo Ergaster leaves Africa into Europe and Asia. Ergaster is the first hominid to leave Africa.
1,800,000 YBN	130) Start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now), end Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn).
1,800,000 YBN	449) Oldest Homo erectus fossil outside of Africa. Homo Erectus evolves from Homo Ergaster in Asia.
1,800,000 YBN	826) End Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now).
1,440,000 YBN	448) Most recent Homo Habilis fossil.	Kenya, Africa
790,000 YBN	584) Ealiest evidence of controlled use of fire, from Israel.
200,000 YBN	548) Humans (Homo sapiens) evolve in Africa.
200,000 YBN	590) This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimps and monkeys, that will result in the short staccato language humans use now. Either the majority of the 50 basic sounds were learned simulateneously for all sapiens by word of mouth or those 50 basic sounds evolved before the sapiens dispersed throughout eurasia. Since sapiens spread out over Europe and Asia did not develop one language with the same sounds used for each word, it seems unlikely that the 50 basic sounds that are found in all of those languages would not be unified for all sapiens, and that more likely the majority of those sounds evolved in a smaller group in Africa and were then dispersed into Europe, Asia, and then Australia and the Americas.
195,000 YBN	161) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull, in Ethiopia, Africa.
130,000 YBN	450) Neanderthals evolve from Homo ergaster in Europe and Western Asia. Oldest Neanderthal fossil in Croatia.
95,000 YBN [93000 BCE]	594) Homo sapiens move north out of Africa.
92,000 YBN [90000 BCE]	597) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull outside Africa, in Israel.
53,300 YBN [51300 BCE]	557) Most recent Homo Erectus fossil in Java.
42,000 YBN [40000 BCE]	596) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Australia.
40,000 YBN [38000 BCE]	598) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Europe.
35,000 YBN [33000 BCE]	451) Most recent Neandertal fossil.
30,000 YBN [28000 BCE]	599) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in China.
10,700 YBN [8700 BCE]	829) Oldest copper (and metal) artifact, from Northern Iraq.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	602) Oldest evidence of weaving.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	603) Oldest evidence of pottery.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	604) Oldest evidence of oil lamp.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	606) Oldest city, Jericho.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	614) Bow and arrows invented.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	615) Spear invented.
8,000 YBN [6000 BCE]	617) Goats kept, fed, milked for milk and killed for food. Goats (check: or dogs?) are oldest domesticated animal.
7,000 YBN [5000 BCE]	627) Oldest evidence of copper melted, and casted (where?).
6,000 YBN [4000 BCE]	830) Oldest iron artifacts, made of iron from meteorites, in Egypt.
5,500 YBN [3500 BCE]	628) Oldest evidence of bronze (copper mixed with tin) melted, and casted (where?).
5,500 YBN [3500 BCE]	635) Oldest smelted iron, tiny pieces of smelted iron, in Egypt.
5,500 YBN [3500 BCE]	646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel, comes from Mesopotamia.	Mesopotamia
5,500 YBN [3500 BCE]	1260) The earliest certain writing on baked clay tablets is invented in Sumer and replaces a clay token counting system. These "numerical tablets" represent the first recorded place value number system (the position of the number is multiplied by a base number), a sexagesimal (base 60) numbering system. This base 60 numbering system will be used continuously to count time, for astronomy, and geography, and is still in use today. The first writing begins as numbers on clay tablets, some also with stamped seals. This system of writing on clay tablets will evolve into modern written language. Writing was first used to solve simple accounting problems; for example to count large numbers of sheep or bales of hay. Writing may have arisen out of the need for arithmetic and storage of information, but will grow to record and perpetuate stories, myths, epics, songs, and most of what we know about human history.	Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)
5,300 YBN [01/01/3300 BCE]	1261) In Sumer, counting tablets evolve into the beginning of pictographic writing. Now along with numbers on the clay tablets are symbols that represent the commodity (such as cows, sheep, and cereals). These symbols represent the earliest record of what will become the modern alphabet. These tablets are all economic records, used to keep a record of objects owned or traded, and contain no stories. Writing begins as a method for increasing the human memory to keep track of the many transactions of a city, and not for the purpose of recording or remembering stories. With the beginning of writing, begins the first systematic training and industry of scribes and this will ultimately evolve into the modern school system.	Sumer
5,000 YBN [01/01/3000 BCE]	1265) The proto-cuneiform Sumarian script becomes phonetic (the sounds of symbols are combined to form words). This is the beginning of phonetic written language.	Jemdet Nasr
4,630 YBN [2630 BCE]	654) Imhotep, the first architect and doctor of recorded history designs the first pyramid in Egypt.
4,600 YBN [2600 BCE]	1271) The oldest known written story, the Sumerian flood story.	Sumer
4,000 YBN [2000 BCE]	702) Earliest cotton grown, in Indus Valley.
4,000 YBN [2000 BCE]	703) Earliest kaolin clays used in China.
4,000 YBN [2000 BCE]	704) Earliest evidence horse pulled vehicles.
4,000 YBN [2000 BCE]	733) Oldest lock, found near Nineveh.
3,842 YBN [1842 BCE]	712) First all phonetic language and alphabet. Proto-semitic alphabet made in turquoise mines probably by Semitic humans. This alphabet is thought to have replaced cuneiform, and may be root of all other alphabets.
3,500 YBN [1500 BCE]	719) Earliest evidence of paddy field rice grown in china.
3,500 YBN [1500 BCE]	720) Corn (maize) grown in America (where?).
2,850 YBN [850 BCE]	751) Greek humans copy phonetic alphabet language from phoenician humans. Phoenician humans are using a variation of letters used at this time by Semite humans in Syria-Palestine, Canaanite writing. "Alef" (ox), "beth" (house), "gimel" (camel), "daleth" (door), etc. are changed to "alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta", etc. The semitic alphabets Hebrew and Arabic are descended from the Canaanite language.
2,470 YBN [470 BCE]	840) Alcmaeon (oLKmEoN) (᾿Αλκμαίων) (~500 BC Croton, Italy - ???) is first to theorize that the brain is the center of wisdom, and emotions. Alcmaeon is the first human known to dissect the bodies of humans and other species. (check in ) Alcmaeon records the existence of the optic nerve and the tube connecting the ear and mouth, and distinguishes arteries from veins.
2,464 YBN [464 BCE]	836) Anaxagoras (~500 BC Clazomenae/Klazomenai 75 mi north of Miletus - ~428 BC Lampsacus now Lapseki Turkey) introduces Ionian science of Thales to Athens, saying that the universe was not made by a diety, but through the action of infinite "seeds", which will later develop into atomic theory under Leucippos. Anaxagoras accurately explains the phases of the earth moon, and both eclipses of moon and sun in terms of their movements. Anaxagoras says that the sun is a red hot stone and the moon a real place like the earth, not gods as is the prevailing belief.
2,460 YBN [460 BCE]	841) Leukippos (Greek Λευκιππος ) (lEUKEPOS?) (Leucippus) (~490 BC Miletus -???) is the first person of record to support the theory that everything is composed entirely of various indestructable, indivisible elements called atoms.
2,460 YBN [460 BCE]	842) Empedocles (~490 Akragas (now Agrigento), Sicily - Mount Etna (?) ~430 bc) understands that the heart is the center of the blood vessel system. Empedocles thinks some organisms not adapted to life have died in the past. Empedocles unites the 4 elements (water, air, fire, earth) described by earlier people into a theory of the universe.
2,450 YBN [450 BCE]	843) Philolaus (~480 BCE Tarentum or croton - ~385 BCE), the most recognized of the Pythagorian school after Pythagoras, theorizes that the earth was not the center of the universe but moves through space. Philolaus thinks the earth, moon, the other planets and sun circle a great fire in separate spheres, and that the sun is only a reflection of this fire. This is the first recorded idea that the earth moves thru space.
2,430 YBN [430 BCE]	838) Anaxagarus is accused of impiety and atheism and brought to trial. Pericles faces people in court in defense of Anaxagoras, and Anaxagoras is freed (unlike Socrates a generation later).
2,430 YBN [430 BCE]	845) Demokritos (Democritus) (Greek: Δημόκριτος) (~460 BC Abdera, thrace -~ 370 BC) in Abdera, elaborates on atomic theory of his teacher Leukippos. Demokritos thinks that the Milky Way was a vast group of tiny stars. Demokritos explains the motions of atoms as based on natural laws, not on the wants of gods or demons.
2,430 YBN [430 BCE]	847) Hippocrates (460 BCE Cos - ~370 BCE Larissa (now Larisa), Thessaly) founds a school of medicine on Cos that is the most science based of the time. Hippocrates will be recognized as the father of medicine, although other people (like Alcmaeon had practiced healing and were students of the human body). 50 books, called the Hippocratic collection, are credited to him, but are more likely collected works of several generations of his school, brought together in Alexandria in 200-300 BCE. The books contain a high order of logic, careful observation, and good conduct. Disease was viewed as a physical phenomenon, not credited to arrows of Apollo, or possession by demons. For example, epilepsy, was thought to be a sacred disease, because a human appeared to be in the grip of a god or demon, but in this school epilepsy was described as being caused by natural causes and thought to be curable by physical remedies, not by exorcism.
2,399 YBN [399 BCE]	846) Sokrates (Greek: Σωκράτης) SO-Kro-TES? (~470 BC Athens - 399 BC Athens) is sentenced to death and forced to end his own life, charged with impiety, (failure to show due piety toward the gods of Athens, "asebia" greek: ασέβεια) and of corrupting Athenian youth through his teachings.
2,387 YBN [387 BCE]	851) Plato (Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "wide, broad-shouldered") (~427BC Athens - 347 BC Athens) founds a school in western Athens on a piece of land once owned by a legendary Greek human named "Academus", and so this school comes to be called "The Academy", and this word will eventually generally apply to any school. The Academy will be a center for science and education for 900 years until 529 CE.
2,378 YBN [378 BCE]	854) Eudoxus (Greek Εύδοξος) (~408 BC Cnidus (now Turkish coast) - ~355 bc Cnidus) is the first Greek human to realize that the year is not exactly 365 days, but 6 hours more. Egyptians were already aware of this and Eudoxus may have gotten this idea from Egypt. Eudoxus draws a map of earth better than the map of Hecataeus. Eudoxus is first greek human to try to map stars. Eudoxus divides the sky in to degrees of latitude and longitude, a system that is eventually applied to the earth.
2,370 YBN [370 BCE]	883) Hiketis (c. 400 BCE - c. 335 BCE) (῾Ικέτης), and fellow Pythagorean Ekfantos (Έκφαντος) (400 BCE) are the first to theorize that the earth turns on its own axis.
2,366 YBN [366 BCE]	859) Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Αριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (ArESTOTeLAS?) opens his own school in Athens, called the Lyceum (Λύκειον, Lykeion) (lIKEoN?). Aristotle classifies 500 species, and dissectes nearly 50, correctly classifying dolphins with species of the field, not with fish. Aristotle puts forward the first theory of gravity, claiming that heavy objects go down and incoreectly that light objects go up.
2,357 YBN [357 BCE]	856) Herakleitos (Heracleides) (Ηράκλειτος) (387 BCE- 312 BCE) adopts the view of two Pythagoreans, Hiketos and Ekfantos, in theorizing that the earth rotates on its own axis. Herakleitos thinks that the planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun (although putting the earth at the center of the universe). Herakleitos speculates that the universe was infinite, each star being a world in itself, composed of an earth and other planets.
2,323 YBN [323 BCE]	864) Callippus (Καλλιππος) KAL lEP POS? (~370 BCE Cyzicus - ~ 300 BCE) makes a more accurate measurement of the solar year, finding the measurement of Meton 100 years earlier to be 1/76 of a day too long. Kallippos constructs a a 76 year cycle of 940 months to unite the solar and lunar years. This calendar is adopted in 330 BCE and will be used by all later astronomers.
2,311 YBN [311 BCE]	885) Epikouros (Επίκουρος) (Epicurus) (02/341 BCE Samos - 270 BCE Athens) founds a popular school in Athens. He argues against the existence of any god. Epikouros basis his philosophy on the principle that pleasure is good and pain is bad. This is the first school to admit females and slaves. Epikouros agrees with the atom theory of Demokritos.
2,305 YBN [305 BCE]	884) Herofilos (Ηροφιλος) (Herophilus) (335 BCE Chalcedon {now Kadikoy, Istanbul Turkey} - 280 BCE) is the first human to distinguish nerves from blood vessels, in addition to motor nerves from sensory nerves. Herofilos is the first to describe the liver and spleen, to describe and name the retina of the eye, to name the first section of the small intestine "the duodenum", to describe ovaries, the tubes leading to the ovaries from the uterus, and names the prostate gland. Herofilos is the first human to note that arteries carry blood, not air as previously believed, a recognizes that the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels. Herofilos is first to distinguish between cerebrum and cerebellum.
2,295 YBN [295 BCE]	878) Euclid (Eukleidis) (Greek: Εὐκλείδης) YUKlEDES? (325 BCE - 265 BCE), in Alexandria, makes a scroll called "Elements" which is a compilation of all the mathematical knowledge known up to then, and will be one of the most successful mathmatical texts in the history of earth. Euclid proves that the number of primes is infinite, that the square root of 2 is irrational, and shows light rays as straight lines.
2,285 YBN [285 BCE]	1028) Ktesibios (Ctesibius) (TeSiBEOS) (Greek Κτησίβιος), (fl. 285 - 222 BCE) a member of the Alexandrian Mouseion, is the first person of record to use compressed air, building a water and compressed air powered organ and catapult.
2,283 YBN [283 BCE]	882) Aristarchos correctly theorizes that the earth and other planets go around the sun. Aristarchus figures out that the Sun is one of the fixed stars, the closest star to the Earth. Aristarchos understands the earth rotates on it's own axis each day. Aristarchos understands that the sun is much larger than the earth. Aristarchos understands that the stars are very distant. Aristarchos calculates a close estimate for the size of the earth moon. A principle work of Aristarchos, titled "Heliocentric system", now lost, is considered by many of his contemporaries as "impious", and one contemporary writes that Aristarchos should be charged with impiety.
2,274 YBN [274 BCE]	886) Erasistratos Ερασίστρατος (EroSESTrATOS?) (~304 BCE Chios {now Khios, an aegean island} - 250 BCE Samos), in Alexandria describes the brain as being divided in to a larger cerebrum and smaller cerebellum. Erasistratos accepts atom theory.
2,257 YBN [257 BCE]	891) Archimedes (Greek: Αρχιμήδης ) (287 Syracuse, Sicily - 212 Syracuse, Sicily) is the first to understand density (how mass and volume are related). Archimedes makes a system that is equivalent to the exponential system to describe the amount of sand needed to fill the universe. He makes the best estimate of pi, builds a mechanical model of the universe, and a "screw of Archimedes".
2,250 YBN [250 BCE]	894) Apollonios of Perga (Απολλώνιος ο Περγαίος ) (261 BCE Perga {south coast of Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?) is the first to describe the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.
2,246 YBN [246 BCE]	898) Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Kurinaios) (Ἐρατοσθένης) (276 BCE Cyrene now Shahat, on Libyan coast - 196 BCE Alexandria) is the first person to accurately calculate the size of the earth.	Alexandria, Egypt
2,160 YBN [160 BCE]	1029) Hipparchos (Greek Ἳππαρχος) (Nicaea {now Iznik in NW Turkey} 190 BCE - 120 BCE), astronomer in the Mouseion in Alexandria, uses a solar eclipse to determine the distance from the Earth to the Moon. Hipparchos, is the first person to make a trigonometric table, and is probably first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses. Hipparchos compiles a star catalog with 850 stars and their relative brightness, and probably invents the astrolabe. Hipparchos does not use the sun-centered system of Aristarchos, but instead the mistaken earth-centered system Anaxamander and the vast majority of others chose to support.
2,056 YBN [56 BCE]	1045) Lucretius (BCE c95-c55) describes light as being made of tiny atoms that move very fast.	Rome, Italy
1,950 YBN [50 CE]	1078) Heron of Alexandria (Greek: Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς) (c.10 CE - c.70 CE), a Greek engineer in Alexandria, makes the first recorded steam engine.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,923 YBN [77 CE]	1083) Pliny the Elder, ("Gaius Plinius Cecilius Secundus") (PlinE) (23 CE Novum Comum (now Como), Italy - August 24, 79 CE near Mount Vesuvius, Italy) completes his major work titled "Natural History" in 37 volumes.	Spain?
1,609 YBN [391 CE]	1003) The library in the Temple to Serapis (the Serapeum) in Alexandria is violently destroyed by Christian people and the temple is converted to a church.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,584 YBN [416 CE]	1011) The Museum in Alexandria is permanently destroyed by Christian people.
1,471 YBN [529 CE]	1014) Roman Emperor Justinian closes the Academy in Athens.
508 YBN [10/12/1492 CE]	1450) Christopher Columbus (CE 1451-1506) lands on a small island (probably San Salvador) in America.
391 YBN [1609 CE]	1599) Galileo Galilei (GoLilAO) (CE 1564-1642), understands that the distance covered by a falling body is proportional to the square of the elapsed time.	Padua, Italy
391 YBN [1609 CE]	1619) Johannes Kepler (CE 1571-1630) understands that planets move in elliptical orbits.	Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)
390 YBN [01/??/1610 CE]	1605) Galileo sees four moons revolving around Jupiter and determines their period.	Venice, Italy
363 YBN [1637 CE]	1668) René Descartes (CE 1596-1650) (DAKoRT) describes the Cartesian coordinate system.	Netherlands (presumably)
357 YBN [1643 CE]	1692) vacuum.	Florence, Italy
328 YBN [02/19/1672 CE]	1829) Issac Newton (CE 1642-1727) revives the view that light is a particle.	Cambridge, England
313 YBN [1687 CE]	1845) Isaac Newton (CE 1642-1727) describes the universal law of gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter in a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.	Cambridge, England (presumably)
199 YBN [11/12/1801 CE]	2405) Humans measure the frequencies of light.	London, England
197 YBN [10/21/1803 CE]	2375) John Dalton (CE 1766-1844), shows chemically how all matter is made of atoms.	Manchester, England
190 YBN [10/24/1810 CE]	656) Secret: Humans hear and record the sounds heard by a brain by measuring electricity from human nerves.	London, England
190 YBN [10/24/1810 CE]	657) Secret: Humans hear and record the sounds of thought by measuring electricity directly from human nerves.	London, England (presumably)
189 YBN [1811 CE]	658) Secret: Images that the brain sees are seen and recorded by measuring the electricity the images produce in the human nerves. (add image)	London, England (presumably)
188 YBN [1812 CE]	4539) Secret: Images that the brain thinks of are seen and recorded by measuring the electricity the thought-images produce in the human nerves. (add image)	London, England (presumably)
188 YBN [1812 CE]	4540) Secret: Nerve cell made to fire remotely. (neuron writing) (add image)	London, England (presumably)
184 YBN [1816 CE]	2351) The first photograph.	Chalon-sur-Saône, France
180 YBN [04/21/1820 CE]	2454) Electricity understood to cause magnetism.	Copenhagen, Denmark
179 YBN [09/11/1821 CE]	2701) The electric motor.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
171 YBN [03/27/1829 CE]	2844) Electricity produced from a magnet.	Pavia, Italy
169 YBN [02/17/1831 CE]	2702) The transformer.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
169 YBN [09/??/1831 CE]	2705) The electric generator.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
155 YBN [04/??/1845 CE]	2839) Humans recognize spiral galaxies.	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland
154 YBN [09/23/1846 CE]	3073) Planet Neptune is observed.	Berlin, Germany (and Paris, France)
142 YBN [07/01/1858 CE]	3033) Humans understand their descent from a single ancestor and the process of natural selection.	(Linnean Society), London, England
141 YBN [10/20/1859 CE]	3087) Humans understand that light spectra can be used to determine atomic composition.	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany
31 YBN [07/21/1969 CE]	655) First human walks on the moon.
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 CE]	790) Humans walk around with walking robot assistants.
40 YAN [2040 CE]	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the street level paved roads.
50 YAN [2050 CE]	792) Walking robots have completely replaced humans in most low-skill jobs (fast-food, fruit and vegtable picking, etc)
100 YAN [2100 CE]	680) The majority of the humans on earth are aware that thought can be seen and heard, almost 200 years after its invention.
100 YAN [2100 CE]	794) 100 ships with humans orbit earth.
140 YAN [2140 CE]	687) Humans can convert most common atoms (Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into the much more useful H2, N2 and O2. This allows humans to live independently of earth, on planets and moons without water.
150 YAN [2150 CE]	659) First major nation to be fully democratic, where the people vote directly on the laws.
200 YAN [2200 CE]	795) 1000 ships with humans orbit earth.
275 YAN [2275 CE]	661) The majority of humans in developed nations are not religious.
420 YAN [2420 CE]	779) The majority of humans in developed nations do not believe in any gods.
500 YAN [2500 CE]	660) First humans permanently living in earth orbit.
500 YAN [2500 CE]	683) Converting Venus atmosphere project is started.
500 YAN [2500 CE]	774) All humans in developed nations are not religious.
500 YAN [2500 CE]	4614) End of death by aging.	unknown
600 YAN [2600 CE]	678) Population of humans on earth is uncomfortably large at 1 trillion (1e12) humans.
650 YAN [2650 CE]	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles.	unknown
750 YAN [2750 CE]	4621) Ship from Earth reachs a different star.	unknown
800 YAN [2800 CE]	780) All humans in developed nations do not believe in any gods.
1,000 YAN [3000 CE]	686) Humans find a way to end aging in humans. Humans learn to change the human genome in order to grow to a certain age and maintain that age without aging any farther. This has an immediate impact on the population growth of humans in the star system, increasing the population very quickly, limited only by water and food.
1,100 YAN [3100 CE]	4637) Humans reach a different star.	unknown
1,500 YAN [3500 CE]	684) Venus atmosphere project is completed. Venus becomes second earth (although without oceans and much more efficiently organized).
1,800 YAN [3800 CE]	681) Population of humans on earth moon reaches physical maximum of 250 trillion (250e12) humans.
1,900 YAN [3900 CE]	682) Population of humans on planet Mars reaches physical maximum of 500 trillion (500e12) humans.
2,800 YAN [4800 CE]	685) Population of planet Venus reaches physical maximum of 1 quadrillion humans (1e15).
3,000 YAN [5000 CE]	679) Population of humans on and in earth reaches a theoretical physical maximum of 333 quadrillion (333e15) humans.
3,100 YAN [5100 CE]	4671) Humans decode an image sent by life that evolved around a different star.	unknown
4,000 YAN [6000 CE]	4675) Humans touch living objects that evolved around a different star.	unknown
1,000,000,000 YAN	4686) The Milky Way Galaxy is now a globular galaxy.	unknown
1,500,000,000 YAN	4687) Milky Way and Magellanic Cloud Galaxies unite.	unknown
4,500,000,000 YAN	4688) Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies unite.	unknown

"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
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