TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter.
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) Light particles are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.
970,000,000,000 YBN	11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. This forming of light particles into atoms may be the result of particle collision, gravitation (an attraction of matter with itself) or a combination of both.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) Most of the galaxies in the universe we will never see because they are too far away for even 1 particle of light from them to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, or are captured by atoms between here and there.
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low dense volumes, light particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as large gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds). These gas clouds, called nebuli continue to accumulate light particles and/or condense at points of high density where stars form and the cloud transitions to a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest of the universe, where they collect and form clouds again. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of those planets living objects can copy. Living objects need matter in order to not decay. These living objects grow, forming matter into more copies of themselves, with the most successful organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then move their star (or globular) cluster out of the plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are occupied by living objects who have organized their stars in globular clusters, and these globular clusters form a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist in a steady balance of light particles in and light particles out, taking in light particles to use as food and fuel, and emitting light particles in the process. So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density first forming atoms, then gas clouds (nebuli), then stars (galaxies), and ultimately, if surviving to globular galaxies which may ultimately not be able to take in more light particles than are emitted. Perhaps light particles at this scale are stars or galaxies in some smaller scale of the universe, and stars or galaxies at this scale are light particles at a larger scale of the universe.
930,000,000,000 YBN	8) That the frequency of photons from the most distant galaxies we can see have a lower frequency may be due to the effects of gravitation and/or particle collision in the large distance between source and observer.
165,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Nebula forms. Light particles get tangled and absorbed and the density of the volume of space where the Milky Way forms increases until dense centers form atoms, and then stars. The formation of a galaxy can be viewed as an empty volume of space that starts with a single light particle and slowly gains more and more light particles. As the number of light particles grows, protons and atoms are formed. As the gain in light particles continues, the first stars is created.
33,000,000,000 YBN	6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.
22,000,000,000 YBN	6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.
10,000,000,000 YBN	6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
5,500,000,000 YBN	16) The star Earth orbits forms.
5,000,000,000 YBN	22) Heavier atoms in a star system move closer to the center and lighter atoms move farther out.
4,600,000,000 YBN	17) Planets form around our star. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.
4,600,000,000 YBN	30) The moon of Earth is captured.
4,571,000,000 YBN	31) Oldest meteorite.
4,530,000,000 YBN	33) Oldest moon rock.
LIFE
4,500,000,000 YBN	50) Start of Precambrian Supereon, Hadean Eon.
4,450,000,000 YBN	21) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.
4,404,000,000 YBN	34) Oldest "terrestrial" (not from meteorite) zircon is evidence that the crust and liquid water are on the surface of earth.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Larger molecules like amino acids, phosphates and sugars, the components of living objects, form on Earth. These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and or atmosphere of earth (or other planets) by lightning, photons with ultraviolet frequency from the star, or ocean floor volcanos.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of life on Earth. How nucleic acids (polymers made of nucleotides), proteins (polymers made of amino acids), carbohydrates (polymers made of sugars) and lipids (glycerol attached to fatty acids) evolved is not clearly known. Possibly all proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are strictly the products of living objects. Perhaps a group of bacteria survived the journey from a different star to this star and seeded the earth, even if true, the chemical evolution of the first cell is necessary somewhere in the universe. The initial building blocks of living objects are very easy to produce, and it can be presumed that the Earth's oceans had plenty of amino acids and other simple organic molecules floating around. But the next step is more difficult: assembling the simple building blocks of life into longer-chain molecules, or polymers. Amino acids link up to form longer polymers called proteins, simple fatty acids plus alcohols link up to form lipids (oils and fats), simple sugars like glucose and sucrose link together to form complex carbohydrates and starches, and finally, the nucleotide bases (plus phosphates and sugars) link up to form nucleic acids, the genetic code of organisms, known as RNA and DNA.
4,390,000,000 YBN	25) A ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule that can copy other RNA molecules may evolve.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amimo acids into proteins using other RNA molecules as a template. This protein assembly system is the main system responsible for the proteins on Earth.(verify) Whether the first tRNA and protein assembly evolved before or after the evolution of the ribosome is currently unknown. Random mutations in the copying (and perhaps even in the natural formation) of RNA molecules probably created a number of the necessary tRNAs (transfer RNA, an RNA molecule responsible for matching free floating amino acid molecules to 3 nucleotide sequences on other RNA molecules). This would be a precellular protein assembly system, where tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules can build polypeptide chains of amino acids by linking directly to other RNA strands. Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, and a 3 nucleotide sequence from a different part of the tRNA molecule bonds with the opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an (m)RNA molecule. Since there are tRNA molecules for each amino acid (although some tRNAs can attach to more than one amino acid?), there must have been a slow accumulation of various tRNA molecules for each of the 20 amino acids used in constructing polypeptides in cells living now. Perhaps after the evolution of the first tRNA, the first polypeptides were chains of all the same one amino acid. With the evolution of a second tRNA polypeptides would have more variety because now two amino acids would be available to build polypeptides. This polypeptide assembly system may exist freely in water, or within a liposome. This sytem builds many more proteins than would be built without such a system. The mRNA with the code to make copier RNA, now also contains the code to produce various tRNA molecules. These molecules function as a unit, and proto-cell, with the rest of the mRNA initially containing random codes for random proteins. For the first time, RNA code represents a template for other RNA molecules, but also a template for building proteins with the help of tRNA molecules. There is some question of where the origin of the first cell took place, near volcanos on the ocean floor, or in fresh water lakes and tidal pools near volcanos on land, because unprotected nucleic acids cannot exist for much time in the ocean because of Sodium and Chlorine.
4,380,000,000 YBN	168) The ribosome evolves. First Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through a process called translation. They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, these molecular machines are responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code, via the messenger RNA, into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce a protein. All cells contain ribosomes because growth requires the continued synthesis of new proteins. Ribosomes can exist in great numbers, ranging from thousands in a bacterial cell to hundreds of thousands in some human cells and hundreds of millions in a frog ovum. Ribosomes are also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The early ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production, by holding an RNA molecule (Messenger RNA, mRNA) which is used as a template by tRNA molecules to assemble amino acids into a protein. A single mRNA molecule may contain the instructions for a "copier RNA", an RNA that can copy other RNA molecules, and all the necessary rRNA, and tRNA molecules needed to make more ribosomes.
4,375,000,000 YBN	211) The first protein of real importance is built, an RNA polymerase. A molecule that can more efficiently copy RNA.
4,370,000,000 YBN	40) A protein that can copy RNA molecules evolves (RNA polymerase). This protein may be more efficient than RNA at copying other RNA molecules, or may be the first molecule that can copy RNA. All the code necessary for this precellular protein production system (tRNAs, rRNAs, and RNA polymerase) may be on a single RNA that can be copied many times.
4,365,000,000 YBN	166) A protein evolves that can assemble DNA from RNA.
4,360,000,000 YBN	212) A DNA polymerase protein evolves that can copy DNA by assembling DNA nucleotides from other DNA molecules.
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell on earth (a bacterium). This cell includes DNA duplication and cell division. DNA is surrounded by a membrane of proteins made by ribosomes. Possibly bacteria arrives on earth from some other star, or even from a different galaxy. The DNA of this cell contains the template for itself, a copying molecule (DNA polymerase), tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and for the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is assembled from proteins made by the ribosome. For the first time, DNA and ribosomes are building cell structure. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and copy. This cell is heterotrophic and has no metabolism to produce ATP. Amino acids, nucleotides, H2O, and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration from inside and outside the cell (passive transport) and represent the beginnings of the first digestive system. This either happens in fresh water lakes or in salty oceans, perhaps near lava vents on or under the ocean floor. As this line of DNA continues to make copies of itself, all copies now have cytoplasm. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on earth. These first cells are anaerobic (do not require free oxygen) and heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their own food: amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars. These early bacteria depend on obtaining external sources of these molecules and photons in the form of heat to reproduce and grow.
4,345,000,000 YBN	195) Proteins that transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm evolve.
4,340,000,000 YBN	23) The first virus evolves. The first viruses are made either from bacteria, or are initially bacteria. These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. Over time, more effective, and efficient virus designs will survive.
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now make ATP from glucose and eventually other monosaccharides, the end product is pyruvate.
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves. Cells can make lactic acid.
4,325,000,000 YBN	213)
4,320,000,000 YBN	183) Cells evolve that make proteins that can assemble the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes).
4,315,000,000 YBN	196) Cells that use both proteins and energy (by breaking down ATP) to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm (active transport) evolve.
4,305,000,000 YBN	64) Operons evolve which allow for selective protein assembly.
4,304,500,000 YBN	322) Nitrogen fixation. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.
4,304,000,000 YBN	287) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria grow in filaments. Unlike eukaryotes, there is no communication between cells in prokaryote filments.
4,302,000,000 YBN	316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells. In addition to regular cells, "Heterocysts", nitrogen-fixing cells, evolve in cyanobacteria.
4,260,000,000 YBN	27) DNA (or RNA) produces instructions for a cell wall. The cell wall only protects bacteria and does not filter any molecules as the cytoplasm does.
4,193,000,000 YBN	77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve. Last common ancestor of Eubacteria and Archaea.
4,189,000,000 YBN	193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve now (Aquifex, Thermotoga).
4,189,000,000 YBN	292) Prokaryote flagellum evolves.
4,187,000,000 YBN	180) Genetic comparison shows the Archaea (or Archaebacteria) Phylum, Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu} (methanogens, halobacteria) evolving now. Earliest cell response to light.
4,187,000,000 YBN	181) Archaea: Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus).
4,112,000,000 YBN	58) The first autotrophic cells, cells that can produce produce some of their own food.
4,100,000,000 YBN	49) Photosynthesis.
4,030,000,000 YBN	35) Metamorphic rock, a Gneiss near Acasta and Great Slave Lake in the North West territories of Canada dates from this time, 4030 million years before now.
4,000,000,000 YBN	43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves in bacteria. Cells emit free Oxygen. Photosyst em II is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of earth.
3,900,000,000 YBN	57) First aerobic (also called oxygenic) cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into CO2, H2O and ATP. Cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration (also called the "Citric Acid Cycle", and the "Krebs Cycle") evolves, probably in cyanobacteria, as a substitute for fermentaton, by using oxygen to break down the products of glycolysis, pyruvic acid, to CO2 and H2O, producing 18 more ATP molecules.
3,850,000,000 YBN	36) The oldest sediment on earth is also the oldest Banded Iron Formation, on Akilia Island in Western Greenland. The oldest evidence for life on earth was found in this rock by measuring the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 13 in grains of apatite (calcium phosphate) from this rock. Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and not Carbon-13 and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (calcium carbonate or limestone).	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,850,000,000 YBN	45) Oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation Rocks begins. Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.7 billion years ago, made of iron-rich silicates (like SiO2) with alternating layers of black colored ferrous (reduced) iron and red colored ferric (oxidized) iron and represents a seasonal cycle where the quantity of free oxygen in the ocean rises and falls, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms. In the red parts the iron is oxydized (contains iron oxides, either hematite {Fe2O3 = rust} or magnetite {Fe3O4]}). This cycle of alternating orange and black bands will continue for 2 billion years until 1,800 million years before now. This is the beginning of oxygen production on earth, the atmosphere of earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time.	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,850,000,000 YBN	51) End of Hadean start of Archean Eon.
3,850,000,000 YBN	189) Fossils from Isua Banded iron formation, SW Greenland.
3,800,000,000 YBN	185) Isoprene compounds from Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation sediment are evidence of the existence of Archaea.
3,760,000,000 YBN	186) Sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) and Hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) detected in 3760 billion year old Isua Banded Iron Formation, indicate the possibility of photosynthetic sulfate reducing bacteria (Archaea, for example Sulpholobus) and Cyanobacteria living at this time.
3,700,000,000 YBN	184) Amount of Uranium isotope measured in Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation evidence of prokaryote Oxygen photosynthesis.
3,700,000,000 YBN	215) C13/C12 ratio of 3700+ MYO sediment in Australia shown to be consistent with planktonic photosynthesizing organisms.
3,566,000,000 YBN	78) Genetic comparison shows Archaebacteria (Archaea) Phylum, Korarchaeotes evolving now.
3,500,000,000 YBN	37) The oldest fossil evidence of life yet found. Stromatolites made by photosynthetic bacteria are found in both Warrawoona, Western Australia, and Fig Tree Group, South Africa.	Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa
3,500,000,000 YBN	39) Oldest fossil of an organism, thought to be cyanobacteria, found in 3,500 Million Year old chert from South Africa and 3,465 Million year old Apex chert of the Pilbara Supergroup, Warrawoona Group, northwestern Western Australia. Two and a half billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.	Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia
3,400,000,000 YBN	190) Fossils of bacteria from Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa. (Oldest fossil of bacteria?)
3,260,000,000 YBN	71) Budding evolves in prokayotes.
3,250,000,000 YBN	191) Oldest fossil evidence of prokaryote reproduction by budding.	Swartkoppie, South Africa
3,235,000,000 YBN	68) Oldest Archaea fossil.
3,200,000,000 YBN	66) Earliest known acritarch fossil (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity). Oldest possible eukaryote fossils.	(Moodies Group) South Africa
2,923,000,000 YBN	178) Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ) evolves (Gram positive bacteria: cause of botulism, tetanus, anthrax). First endospores.
2,920,000,000 YBN	288) Eubacteria firmicutes evolve the abililty to form endpospores.
2,800,000,000 YBN	76) Bacteria Proteobacteria evolve (Rickettsia {ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhoea, Salmonella, E coli).
2,800,000,000 YBN	177) Gender and sex (conjugation, the exchange of DNA by a donor {male} bacterium to a recipient {female} bacterium using a pilus) evolve in Escherichia Coli bacteria. This may or may not be the process that leads to eukaryote sexual reproduction by cellular fusion (which evolves into multicellular sexual reproduction by specialized sex cells {gametes}). In addition to pili and conjugation, proteins evolve that can assist in splitting DNA and also proteins that assist in merging two strands of DNA together, since some times the DNA in split and the new plasmid is connected and the DNA circle is sown back together.
2,784,000,000 YBN	176) Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS} (Planctobacteria) evolve.
2,784,000,000 YBN	179) The Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu} evolve now (Gram positive, source of streptomycin).
2,775,000,000 YBN	174) Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ) evolves now (Syphilis, Lyme disease).
2,775,000,000 YBN	175) Eubacteria Phyla Bacteroidetes {BaKTERrOEiTEZ} evolve.
2,775,000,000 YBN	217) Eubacteria Phyla Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E} evolve.
2,775,000,000 YBN	6309) Bacteria Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) evolve now.
2,775,000,000 YBN	6310) Bacteria Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo) evolve.
2,730,000,000 YBN	80) Endo and ectocytosis. Cells can now eat other cells. Endocytosis, a process where the cell membrane folds around some molecules to form a spherical vesicle which enters the cytoplasm, and exocytosis, the opposite process, where a vesicle combines with a call membrane to empty molecules outside a cell both evolve in a prokaryote or early eukaryote cell. Cells can now swallow other cells (phagocytosis) and liquids (pinocytosis). The cells can then (heterotrophically) use the molecules injested (for example a bacterium) for copying and to make ATP. This is the first time one cell can eat a different living cell. The multicellular digestive system may be built around this primitve digestive system.
2,720,000,000 YBN	65) Prokaryote cells with linear chromosomes (instead of a circular) DNA evolve.
2,700,000,000 YBN	60) The first eukaryotic cell evolves. The first cell with a nucleus. The nucleus has either single strands or a circle of DNA inside. This is the first protist. The nucleus may be a captured bacterium, virus or plasmid, or has grown from part of the membrane or cell wall. That a eukaryote cell survived the journey from a different star or galaxy cannot be ruled out. This cell evolves either by: 1) two or more bacteria joined, one with flagella (perhaps a eubacteria) formed the nucleus, a second formed the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, eventually the code to build the entire cell including the instructions to build the symbiotic captured bacteria was included in the new nucleus, 2) the nucleus formed as part of the cytoplasm lattice, perhaps the outer wall folded in on itself creating a double membrane, or a membrane grew around the DNA (for example like planctobacteria) which provided more protection for the DNA from the movement and digestive activities of cytoplasm now without a rigid cell wall, 3) a bacteria with flagella that grew cytoplasm and a secondary cell wall outside the original cell membrane and wall, 4) a virus, 5) a DNA strand from conjugation with a different prokaryote stored in a vesicle. There are key features that are different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes: 1) Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not. 2) DNA in eukaryotes is in the form of chromosomes, in prokaryotes the DNA is in a circle. (There may be exceptions) 3) Eukaryotes can do endocytosis, fold their cell membrane around some external object and injest the object, prokaryotes can not. (verify) 4) Eukaryotes have a membrane lattice of proteins, actin and myacin, prokaryotes do not. 5) Eukaryotes have an endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body. 6) Eukaryotes reproduce asexually by dual binary division (both nucleus and cell divide by binary division), budding, or mitosis, prokaryotes reproduce by budding or binary division. If the nucleus is an engulfed prokaryote, this cell inherits the processes of nuclear DNA duplication and nucleus division (karyokinesis) from prokaryote binary division. Initially, both the nucleus and cell divide by binary division. All plants, fungi, and animals descend from this common eukaryote ancestor. Living spherical prokaryotic cells rarely exceed 20 microns in diameter, but eukaryotic cells are nearly always larger than 60 microns. Larger, and therefore probably eukaryotic cells begin to appear in the fossil record by about 2.7 to 2.2 billion years ago. The earliest evidence of eukaryotic life is based on biochemical remains of eukaryotes, 2.7 billion year old sterane molecules.
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) Earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane molecules). These are the oldest known steranes (which are formed from sterols, molecules made by mitochondria in eukaryotes) and are evidence for the existence of eukaryotes.	Northwestern Australia
2,700,000,000 YBN	192) Fossils from the Bulawaya stromatolite, Zimbabwe.
2,700,000,000 YBN	214) Biomarkers characteristic of cyanobacteria, 2alpha -methylhopanes, indicate that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved well before the atmosphere became oxidizing.
2,690,000,000 YBN	207) Cytoskeleton evolves in eukaryote cytoplasm.
2,690,000,000 YBN	208) A eukaryote flagellum evolves (also called "cilium" or "undulipodium").
2,680,000,000 YBN	291) Eukaryote cell evolves an intermediate stage between DNA synthesis and cell division.
2,670,000,000 YBN	302) If the cell nucleus is a capture procaryote, synchronized division of the nucleus and cytoplasm must evolve.
2,660,000,000 YBN	72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.
2,650,000,000 YBN	170) Bacteria live on land.
2,650,000,000 YBN	303) Cytoplasmic cell fusion and division evolves. Two eukaryote cells can merge into one cell with 2 nuclei and then divide back into single 1 nucleus cells.
2,640,000,000 YBN	73) Sex (cell and genetic fusion, syngamy, gametogamy) evolves in Eukaryotes (protists). Haploid (1 set of chromosomes) eukaryote cells merge and then their nuclei merge (karyogamy) to form the first diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) cells (the first zygote). This fusion of 2 haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which then immediately divides (both nucleus and cytoplasm by single-division meiosis) back to two haploid cells. Possibly first, only cytoplasmic merging happened with nuclear merging (karyogamy) and nuclear division (karyokinesis) evolving later. Now, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more chance of variety and mutation. Two chromosome sets provides a backup copy of important genes (sequences that code for proteins, or nucleic acids) that might be lost with only a set of single chromosomes. The life cycle of future organisms will now have two phases, a gamophase (from n to 2n (until syngamy)), and zygophase (from 2n to n (until meiosis)).
2,630,000,000 YBN	206) One-step meiosis (diploid divides into 2 haploid cells).
2,620,000,000 YBN	210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves.
2,610,000,000 YBN	296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves. Sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two isogamous (same size) cells (homogamy) which have 2 different (+ and -) shapes (genders). These cells will eventually be distinguished as "gamete" cells after cell differentiation evolves in Eukaryote cells. Possibly eukaryote cell fusion and gender is directly descended from prokaryote conjugation.
2,600,000,000 YBN	297) Sex between two different sized cells (heterogamy or anisogamy) evolves in protists. Some species are heterogamous but two of the same sized (gender) gametes can fuse to form a zygote.
2,590,000,000 YBN	298) Sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between one flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete (oogamy, a form of heterogamy) evolves in protists.
2,580,000,000 YBN	300) Diploid cell fusion (Gamontogamy) evolves.
2,570,000,000 YBN	295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).
2,558,000,000 YBN	171) Eubacteria phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" evolves.
2,558,000,000 YBN	172) Eubacteria phylum Cyanobacteria {SIeNOBaKTEREu} (ancestor of all plastids) evolves.
2,558,000,000 YBN	315) Bacteria Phylum Chloroflexi, (Green Non-Sulphur) evolve.
2,500,000,000 YBN	52) End of Archean and start of Proterozoic Eon.
2,500,000,000 YBN	56) Banded Iron Formation starts to appear in many places.
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Start of 200 million year ice age.
2,335,000,000 YBN	290) The nucleolus, a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomes, evolves. The nucleolus is found in all eukaryote cells. (verify)
2,330,000,000 YBN	198) The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum evolve in a eukaryote cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids. The endoplasmic reticulum is found in all eukaryote cells. (verify)
2,325,000,000 YBN	199) Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves (packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations). A vesicle is a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by a membrane but, unlike a vacuole, contains material that is not in the liquid state.
2,300,000,000 YBN	47) Most recent evidence of uraninite, which cannot exist in oxygen, indicates that free oxygen is accumulating on earth for the first time.
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest Red Beds, iron oxide formed on land, begin here and are evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.
2,000,000,000 YBN	63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic proteobacteria, is engulfed by an early eukaryote cell and over time a symbiotic relationship evolves, where the Rickettsia forms the mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei), the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are typically round to oval in shape and range in size from 0.5 to 10 μm. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria store calcium for cell signaling activities, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death. The number of mitochondria per cell varies widely; for example, in humans, erythrocytes (red blood cells) do not contain any mitochondria, whereas liver cells and muscle cells may contain hundreds or even thousands. Mitochondria are unlike other cellular organelles in that they have two distinct membranes and a unique genome and reproduce by binary fission; these features indicate that mitochondria share an evolutionary past with prokaryotes (single-celled organisms). The mitochondria perform the Acid Citric Cycle using oxygen to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O, and provide up 38 ATP molecules. Putting this symbiotic event here implies that all known living eukaryotes descend from a eukaryote that had mitochondria, and that aerobic eukaryotes like the metamonada lost their mitochondria secondarily.
2,000,000,000 YBN	293) Protists Malawimonadea and Jakobea originate now, and are possibly the most ancient species that still have mitochondria.
1,990,000,000 YBN	301) Haplodiplontic life cycle (organism with alternating haploid and diploid life stages) with "sporic meiosis" evolves. In this life cycle haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote which divides by meiosis producing haploid spores that produce (differentiate?) gametes, starting the cycle again.
1,988,000,000 YBN	317) Eukaryotes that have mitochondria with flat christae evolve from those with tubular christae.
1,982,000,000 YBN	99) First homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.
1,971,000,000 YBN	305) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Chromalveolate Phylum "Cryptophyta" (Cryptomonads) evolving now.
1,874,000,000 YBN	61) Earliest large filamentous multicellular fossil (Grypania). Grypania spiralis is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be a filamentous algae. If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest filamentous multicellular eukaryote fossil. Other Grypania fossils that are 1 billion years old have been found in India. Grypania may be a eukaryote algae but may also be a gigantic cyanobacteria.	(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of the Banded Iron Formation Rocks.
1,700,000,000 YBN	6279) Earliest brown algae (Phaeophycaea) fossil. Earliest eukaryote fossil with both filamentous multicellularity and cell differentiation.	(Tuanshanzi Formation) Jixian Area, North China
1,586,000,000 YBN	294) Protists "Percolozoa" (acrasid {oKrASiD} slime molds). (Note: The classification of protists changes too much to go into specific details.)
1,570,000,000 YBN	197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi. Since members of both the unikont (animals, fungi) and bikont (metamonads, plants) can reproduce sexually, sex had to evolve before this branching, presuming sexual reproduction is strictly inherited and did not evolve twice.
1,520,000,000 YBN	202) Protists Amoebozoa evolve (amoeba, slime molds). Feeding using pseudopods.
1,492,000,000 YBN	173) Roper Group eukaryote algea microfossils.
1,380,000,000 YBN	220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).
1,300,000,000 YBN	38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves. The main difference between this organism and single-celled organisms is the way the cells stay fastened together after cell division. These multicellular organisms have undifferentiated cells in the multicellular stage (all cells in the haploid or diploid multicellular organism are made of one kind of cell).	(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,300,000,000 YBN	67) First "plastids". Cyanobacteria form plastids (chloroplasts) through symbiosis, within a eukaryote cell (endosymbiosis). Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA. This is a primary plastid endosymbiosis, and genetic analysis supports the theory that all green plants, which are eukaryotes with single membrane plastids, are descended from a single common ancestor. All primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes, because the cyanobacteria was enclosed in a vacuole. Most plastids contain a single, circular chromosome of about 200 kilobases and encode about 100-120 genes, while a free-living cyanobacteria typically has a genome of about 2500 Kb. The genes that remain in the plastid are primarily involved in photosynthesis, transcription and translation of plastid genes, and ATP synthesis. But, most of the genes needed to maintain the plastid are encoded in the cell nucleus. A secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacteria, which results in a plastid with more than two membranes, has happened at least three times. Euglenozoa and chlorarachniophytes acquired plastids from green alga, and the Chromalveolates (the most abundant group with secondary plastids) acquired them from a red alga. A third (tertiary) plastid endosymbiosis occurs when an alga containing a plastid of secondary endosymbiotic origin (for example a chromist) is engulfed and reduced to a photosynthetic organelle. Dinoflagellates are the only group currently known to have tertiary plastids. Tertiary plastids in dinoflagellates have been acquired from haptophyte and prasinophyte algae and from diatoms. Currently there are five plastids known in dinoflagellates, each with its own evolutionary history. Depending on their morphology and function, plastids are commonly classified as chloroplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts or chromoplasts. Plastids reproduce by asexual division within each host cell. Chloroplasts use their green pigment to trap light particles to synthesize carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water supplied by the host plant. Some plastids have a double membrane which implies that the symbiosis occurred with an algae that already had a single membrane plastid. The inner wall being that of the bacterium, the outer wall that of the alga.
1,300,000,000 YBN	209) Ribosomal RNA places the first plant evolving here. This begins the plant kingdom. This first plant is a single cell, similar to glaucophytes. This is the ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants. Note that brown algae is not viewed as a plant but as a protist.
1,300,000,000 YBN	219) Genetic comparison show the Plant Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) evolves now. The red algae (Rhodophyta) are a large group of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds.
1,300,000,000 YBN	323) Genetic comparison shows the Protists Excavates evolving now. Metamonada (also called Excavates) includes Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS}, and Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ} {like Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u}).
1,274,000,000 YBN	187) A captured red alga (rhodophyte), through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates. A secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacteria, has happened at least three times. A secondary plastid symbiosis results in a plastid with more than two membranes. Two groups have acquired plastids from green algae independently: the euglenozoa, which are fresh-water algae, and the chlorarachniophytes. The most abundant groups with secondary plastids acquired them from the red algae. Five algal lineages have plastids of red algal origin. These include the crytophytes, the haptophytes, the Strameopiles, which all together are the Chromista, and the Alveolates apicomplexans and dinoflagellates. The alveolate ciliates are thought to have lost their plastid and no traces of the organelle have yet been found. The parasitic apicomplexans have lost the ability to do photosynthesis, probably because of their intercellular lifestyle, but do maintain a vestigial organelle derived from a plastid called the apicoplast, which is surrounded by four membranes and has a small genome.
1,250,000,000 YBN	15) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing), and are not omnipotent. Start of death by aging. Since the majority of cells in multicellular eukaryotes are somatic cells this represents the start of death by aging for multicellular eukaryotes. Another aspect of aging is that, new asexual copies of somatic cells in multicellular organisms have a different composition, are not exact copies. They have a different set of instructions, for example after many cell divisions, new hair cells are white. Differentiated cells have different shapes and functions. Multicellular organisms are no longer all haploid or diploid gamete producing cells (or spore producing if haplodiplontic), but are made of gamete (or spore) producing cells in addition to somatic cells which copy asexually through mitosis. Now, in addition to being large multicell organisms, multicellular organisms can have differentiated cells that form a variety of different shaped structures, and perform different functions. All cells of an organism, except the sperm and egg cells, the cells from which they arise (gametocytes) and undifferentiated stem cells, are somatic cells.
1,250,000,000 YBN	88) Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS} (ancestor of Chromista {Haptophytes and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ}} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS}).
1,250,000,000 YBN	201) Earliest certain eukaryote fossil. These are also the earliest certain eukaryote fossils with filamentous multicellularity. These fossils are also the oldest fossils of a eukaryote that can reproduce sexually. These fossils are the oldest certain Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils. Bangiomorpha pubescens is a large population of multicellular microfossils found in tidal flat deposits of the Hunting Formation in Arctic Canada, which is around 1200 millions years old. These filaments display patterns of thallus organization, cell division, and cell differentiation that ally them to the bangiophyte red algae. These fossils are related to modern species of red algae in the genus Bangia.	(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,200,000,000 YBN	221) Genetic comparison shows fungi evolving now. This begins the fungi kingdom. Perhaps fungi evolved from the amoebozoa slime mold line, because the sporangiophore (stalk) and sporangium (ball on top) of slime molds look very similar to many fungi.
1,200,000,000 YBN	6283) Earliest Green Algae fossil.	Siberia, Russia
1,200,000,000 YBN	6295) Earliest possible fossil worm trails.	(Stirling Range Formation) Southwestern Australia
1,180,000,000 YBN	6280) Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS} (ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS}).
1,150,000,000 YBN	86) Plant Glaucophyta.
1,150,000,000 YBN	188) Genetic comparison shows Green Algae, composed of the two Phlya Chlorophyta (volvox, sea lettuce) and Charophyta (Spirogyra) evolving now. The Green Algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerge. Some people place Green Algae in the Plant Kingdom, while others place them in the Protist Kingdom. Almost all forms have chloroplasts. They are bound by a double membrane, so presumably were acquired by direct endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria.
1,100,000,000 YBN	75) Oldest living fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.
1,080,000,000 YBN	87) Excavate Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}, ancestor of protists which have mitochondria with discoidal shaped cristae (includes euglenids, leishmania, trypanosomes, kinetoplastids). Some euglenids exhibit colonialism and have a cell covering ("pellicle").
1,080,000,000 YBN	97) Eukaryote eye evolves, first three-dimensional response to light. Eyes evolve at least eight times independently in eukaryotes. The earliest eye probably evolves from a plastid. The first proto eye is a light sensitive area in a unicellular eukaryote. Eukaryotes are the first organisms to evolve the ability to follow light direction in three dimensions in open water. (Determine when the first eye lens evolves.) (Determine which eukaryote species probably first developed a three-dimensional response to light.)
1,080,000,000 YBN	203) Colonialism evolves in Eukaryote. Colonialism may evolve independently in more than once in protists. Euglenozoa may be the oldest eukaryote to exhibit colonialism. Perhaps eukaryote colonialism is partially or fully inherited from prokaryotes, but colonialism may have evolved independently again in eukaryotes.
1,050,000,000 YBN	169) Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ} (also called Heterokonts) (ancestor of all brown and golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu)). Some people group stemenopiles and alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS} together in the supergroup chromalveolates {KrOM-aLVEO-leTS), having a single common ancestor.
1,050,000,000 YBN	304) Protist Phlyum "Haptophyta" (Coccolithophores) {KOK-o-lit-O-FORZ} evolves.
1,040,000,000 YBN	313) Protist Phylum "Dinoflagellata" evolves (Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS}).
1,005,000,000 YBN	306) Earliest Golden algae (xanthophyte) fossil, "Palaeovaucheria".	(Lakhanda Group) Siberia
1,000,000,000 YBN	223) Fungi phylum "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) (includes all Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ})).
1,000,000,000 YBN	324) Phylum Choanozoa (Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u}/DRIPs, Choanoflagellates) evolves. DRIP is an acronym for a small group of parasites mostly of fish and other freshwater animals.
1,000,000,000 YBN	325) Protist Choanozoa Class "Mesomycetozoaea" (DRIPs) evolve.
1,000,000,000 YBN	585) The Neoproterozoic (1.0-0.65Ga) is a period of dramatic global change and quickening reef evolution. The appearance of heavily calcified microbial elements (calcimicrobes; e.g. Girvanella and Renalcis) in the Tonian (1.0-0.85Ga), coincident with the disappearance of conical elements and decline in stromatolites, is a critical event.
985,000,000 YBN	309) Protist Phylum Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu} (includes the Class Oomycetes) (Water molds).
900,000,000 YBN	326) The Choanozoans, "Choanoflagellates" and "Acanthoecida" evolve. Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct ancestors of sponges.
900,000,000 YBN	6281) Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u} (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).
855,000,000 YBN	286) Multicellularity evolves in A free moving Protist. This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve. This multicellularity is thought to be independently evolved, and not related to the filamentous multicellularity of prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes like algae. Metazoan multicellularity is different from colonialism (where independent cells of the same species work together and function as one unit), because one zygote produces all the cells in the organism.
850,000,000 YBN	81) First animal and first metazoan, sponges (Porifera). Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians (which include all insects and vertebrates). Sponges are the first organisms whose DNA codes for more than one kind of cell. Sponges have 3 different cell types. Some cells form a body wall, some digest food, some form a skeletal frame. All sponge cells are totipotent and are capable of regrowing a new sponge. The two major subkingdoms of the Kingdom Animalia are Radiata (the radiates) and Bilateria (the bilaterians).
850,000,000 YBN	224) Fungi division "Zygomycota" (bread molds, pin molds, microsporidia,...) evolves.
850,000,000 YBN	517) Male gonad (testis {TeSTiS}/testicle) evolves in a sponge.
804,000,000 YBN	319) Protist Phylum "Radiolaria" evolves (ocean protozoa, many with silica shells).
804,000,000 YBN	321) Protist Phylum "Foraminifera" evolves.
780,000,000 YBN	79) Animal Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.
767,000,000 YBN	312) Eukaryote Phylum "Ciliophora" evolves (Ciliates).
767,000,000 YBN	314) Protist Phylum "Apicomplexa" {a-Pi-KoM-PleK-Su} evolve (Malaria, Toxoplasmosis). Apicomplexa were formerly a division of protozoa called "Sporozoa".
750,000,000 YBN	41) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in metazoans.
750,000,000 YBN	83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians. This will lead to the first ganglion and brain. Earliest touch and sound detection.
750,000,000 YBN	96) Muscle cells evolve in metazoans. Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophora.
750,000,000 YBN	225) Closeable mouth evolves in metazoans.
750,000,000 YBN	414) Animals Radiata: Ctenophores {TeNOFORZ} evolve (comb jellies).
750,000,000 YBN	458) Fungi Phylum "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu} (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) evolves.
713,000,000 YBN	6320) Earliest chemical biomarker evidence of animals (metazoans), sterans associated with demosponges.	(Huqf Supergroup) South Oman Salt Basin, Oman
700,000,000 YBN	82) Radiata Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} evolve (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish).
700,000,000 YBN	226) The second largest group of Fungi, the phylum "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu} (most mushrooms, rusts, club fungi) evolves.
700,000,000 YBN	227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu} (yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, morels, sac fungi) evolves.
700,000,000 YBN	523) Female gonad (ovary) evolves in a Cnidarian.
680,000,000 YBN	222) Genetic comparison shows the Class of Ascomycota Fungi called "Archaeascomycetes" (fission yeast, pneumonia fungus) evolving now.
650,000,000 YBN	69) Start of Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).
650,000,000 YBN	229) Genetic comparison shows the Ascomycota Fungi "Hemiascomycetes" evolving now.
630,000,000 YBN	107) Bilateral species evolve (two sided symmetry). Earliest animal eye and brain (ganglion, memory). First triploblastic species (third embryonic layer: the mesoderm). In bilaterians food enters in one end (mouth) and waste exists at the opposite end (anus). There is an advantage for sense organs: light, sound, touch, smell, taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with catching food. (Describe nerve, muscle. Sound, pain, light, smell, touch detection/recognition?)
630,000,000 YBN	459) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian. All bilaterally symmetrical metazoans except the Phylum Platyhelminthes, have a tubular gut with an anus, mouth, and through-put of food.
630,000,000 YBN	532) An intestine evolves in bilaterian.
630,000,000 YBN	593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.
630,000,000 YBN	660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.
630,000,000 YBN	6311) Earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida). The phylum Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida) is the oldest surviving bilaterian. This begins the Subkingdom "Bilateria". Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom. Flatworms have no lungs or gills and breathe through their skin. Flatworms also have no circulating blood and so their branched gut presumably transports nutrients to all parts of the body. In balaterians food enters in one end (mouth) and waste exists at the opposite end (anus). There is an advantage for sense organs: light, sound, touch, smell, taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with catching food. (Describe nerve, muscle. Sound, pain, light, smell, touch detection/recognition?)
625,000,000 YBN	6328) Protists "Cercozoa".
610,000,000 YBN	95) Fluid filled cavity, the coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.
600,000,000 YBN	91) Start of Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN} soft-bodied invertebrate fossils. Because the Ediacaran animals are soft-bodied, they are infrequently preserved. The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere. As atmospheric oxygen increases, so does oxygen in the sea. The accumulation of free oxygen may permit oxidative metabolism in organisms.	Sonora, Mexico|Adelaide, Australia| Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta
600,000,000 YBN	98) Red blood cells and blood channels evolve in a bilaterian. Nemerteans, cylindrical worms, have a network of blood channels in the mesenchyme (undifferentiated tissue between organs) but have no heart or pumping vessel. First blood vessels.
600,000,000 YBN	231) Basidiomycota Fungi "Ustilaginomycetes" (corn smut fungus) and "Hymenomycetes" (white rot fungus) evolve.
590,000,000 YBN	70) End of Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).
590,000,000 YBN	93) Bilaterians Protostomes evolve, ancestor of all arthropods and molluscs. Many protostome phyla evolve at this time. Protostomes are divided into two major groups: the Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} and the Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu}. The Ecdysozoa include Priapulids {PrIaPYUliDZ}, Nematodes, Tardigrades {ToRDiGRADZ}, Onychophorens {oniKoFereNS}, and the arthropods {which is a large group including all crustaceans and insects}. The Lophotrochozoa, is subdivided into the Platyzoa {PlaTiZOu}, which includes rotifers, gastrotrics and Platyhelminthes, and the Trochozoa, which includes bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ}, Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu}, Phoronids {FerOniDZ}, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ}, Entoprocts {eNtoProKTS}, molluscs and annelids.
580,000,000 YBN	131) First shell (or skeleton) evolves. The first known shell belongs to unicellular protists ciliates called the tintinnids. This shell is called a lorica. These fossils are thought to be in shallow marine waters, not far from the coastline. Skeletons have evolved independently in different groups.	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China
580,000,000 YBN	165) Earliest animal and earliest bilaterian fossil.	(Doushantuo Formation) China
580,000,000 YBN	318) Protostome Infrakingdom Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} evolves. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skins) as they grow. This is the ancestor of round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and shell fish). Ecdysozoa include: the Phylum "Chaetognatha" (Arrow Worms), the Superphylum "Aschelminthes", containing the 5 Phlya: "Kinorhyncha" (kinorhynchs) "Loricifera" (loriciferans) "Nematoda" (round worms) "Nematomorpha" (horsehair worms), "Priapulida" (priapulids) the Superphlyum "Panarthropoda" containing the 3 Phyla: "Arthropoda" (arthropods: insects, shell fish) "Onychophora" (onychophorans) "Tardigrada" (tardigrades)
580,000,000 YBN	331) Protosome Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} evolves. Ancestor of all brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ}, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ}, and molluscs.
580,000,000 YBN	6282) Ciliate fossil.	(Doushantuo Formation) Guizhou, South China
580,000,000 YBN	6293) Earliest cnidarian fossil.	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China
575,000,000 YBN	139) Earliest sea pen fossil ("Charnia"). Sea pens (Class Pennatulacea) are Cnidarnian Anthozoans.	(Drook Formation) Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
570,000,000 YBN	89) Protostome Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} subgroup Trochozoa evolve. Ancestor of all Bryozoans, Nemerteans, Phoronids, Brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ}, Molluscs and Annelids.
570,000,000 YBN	105) Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve. This is the ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS } (Phylum Echinodermata: sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish), hemichordates (Phylum Hemichordata: acorn worms), and Chordates (Phylum Chordata: all tunicates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
570,000,000 YBN	311) Bilaterian phylum Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu} (Arrow Worms) evolves. Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals. The evolution of chewing and then of animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly transforms ecosystems around the Earth. So in this sense hard teeth evolve first and then the shell evolves as an advantage to survival. The placement (phylogeny) of the Chaetognatha within the Bilateria is currently somewhat uncertain. Some place them as protostomes, others as deuterostomes. Some people group them with the Ecdysozoa, others as Lophotrochozoa, others as an independent group in between Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa. Chaetognatha appears close to the base of the protostome tree in most studies of their molecular phylogeny. This may be evidence that protostomes descend from a deuterostome ancestor, like a chaetognath.
570,000,000 YBN	327) Protostome Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} subgroup Platyzoa {PlaT-i-ZO-u} evolves. Ancestor of rotifers, gastrotrichs and Platyhelminthes (flatworms).
570,000,000 YBN	345) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Hemichordonia evolves (pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS}, acorn worms). Adult Pterobranchs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger (or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have retained this form before evolving into tunicates and then the first fish.
570,000,000 YBN	346) Deuterostome Coelomorpha Phylum Echinodermata (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish) evolves.
565,000,000 YBN	347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Chordates get their name from the notochord, the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in the adult.
565,000,000 YBN	348) Earliest extant chordate: Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Tunicata evolves (tunicates {sea squirts}).
565,000,000 YBN	6294) Earliest cnidarian (anthozoa) coral fossil.	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China
560,000,000 YBN	117) Earliest chordate fossil.	(Flinders Ranges, 490 km north of Adelaide) Australia
560,000,000 YBN	349) First fish.
560,000,000 YBN	6290) Ealiest extant fish, Lancelets {laNSleTS} (also called amphioxus {aMFEoKSeS}). Deuterostome Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets {laNSleTS}) evolve. Lancelets are the most primitive chordates to have a liver and a kidney, which are not found in hemichordates or tunicates.
560,000,000 YBN	6292) Oldest mollusc fossil.
560,000,000 YBN	6318) Earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation). Earliest fossil animal shell (or skeleton). The earliest animal shells are made by tiny organisms with simple tubelike skeletons, such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites. Cloudina are worms that ... The shell of Cloudina is made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Predatory bore holes have been found in Cloudina shells. This is the oldest evidence of predation known. The earliest animal shells are agglutinated tubes built of foreign objects by the animals inhabiting them, an example being the worm Onuphionella, with its collection of mica flakes lining its shelter. The appearance of the small shelly fossils and drrp burrows are correlated with a decline in stromatolites. Before the appearance of small invertebrate animals, nothing fed on cyanobacterial mats. Some small shelly fossils must be primitive molluscs that graze on stromatolites. Stromatolites survive today only in environments that are hostile to grazing invertebrates. These include lagoons too salty for grazing snails like Shark Bay, Australia, and shallow channels in the Bahamas where currents are too strong for clinging invertebrates.	(Ara Formation) Oman|Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province
550,000,000 YBN	328) Ecdysozoa Superphylum "Ashelminthes" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Ki norhyncha (kinorhynchs), Loricifera (loriciferans), Nematoda (round worms), Nematomorpha (horsehair worms), Priapulida (priapulids {PrIaPYUliDS}).
550,000,000 YBN	329) Platyzoa Rotifers.
547,000,000 YBN	333) The Trochozoa Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) evolves.
547,000,000 YBN	334) The Lophotrochozoa Trochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}) evolves.
547,000,000 YBN	335) The Lophotrochozoa (Trochozoa) Phylum Entoprocta (entoprocts) evolves.
544,000,000 YBN	310) Oldest sponge fossils.	southwestern Mongolia
543,000,000 YBN	53) End of the Precambrian and start of the Paleozoic Supereon. End of the Proterozoic and start of the Cambrian Eon.
543,000,000 YBN	101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially).
543,000,000 YBN	120) Start Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).
543,000,000 YBN	336) The Lophotrochozoa (Trochozoa) Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans or moss animals) evolves.
542,000,000 YBN	6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many of the major phyla (between 20 and 35) of animals. An increase of animals with shells.
540,000,000 YBN	104) The Platyzoa Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) evolves.
540,000,000 YBN	133) Earliest trilobite fossils. Trilobites are numerous extinct marine arthropods of the Paleozoic Era. Trilobites have a segmented body divided by grooves into three vertical lobes and are found as fossils throughout the world.
540,000,000 YBN	6287) Platyzoa Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) evolve.
539,000,000 YBN	461) The first circulatory system (blood cells actively moved by muscle contraction) evolves in bilaterians. Circulatory systems can be divided into two kinds, "open" and "closed", both which contain a circulatory fluid or blood. In an open circulatory system, the blood and body cavity (hemocoelic) fluid are one and the same; the blood, often called hemolymph, empties from vessels into the body cavity (hemocoel) and directly bathes organs. In a closed circulatory system blood is kept separate from the coelomic fluid. Circulatory systems, open or closed, generally have structural mechanisms for pumping the blood and maintaining adequate blood pressures. Beyond the influence of general body movements, most of these structures fall into the categoriesl contractile vessels (as in annelids); osiate hearts (as in arthropods); and chambered hearts (as in molluscs and vertebrates). The method of initiating contraction of these different pumps (the pacemaker mechanism) may be intrinsic (originating within the muscles of the structure itself) or extrinsic (originating from motor nerves from outside the structure). (Contractile muscles that pump blood, including a heart, apparently evolve independently in both protostomes and deuterostomes. -verify)
539,000,000 YBN	506) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.
537,000,000 YBN	341) The Lophotrochozoa (Trochozoa) Phylum Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu} (ribbon worms) evolves.
537,000,000 YBN	344) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Sipuncula (peanut worms) evolve.
533,000,000 YBN	342) Mollusks evolve. Mollusks are protostomes, members of the Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} in the subgroup Trochozoa. The Phylum Mollusca includes snails, clams, mussels, and the cephalopods: squids and octopuses. Among the most primitive mollusks are the Aplacophora which do not have shells but their epidermis secretes aragonite (calcareous) spicules and their body has a repetition of structures along their front-back (antero-posterior) axis. Mollusks are thought, by some, to be descended from a segemented worm (annelid) because of this segmented repetition of structure which is lost in most of the other later evolved mollusks. But others think mollusks descend from a nonsegmented ancestor. Beyond the difference in segmentation, in terms of skeleton, some annelids have chaetae which are tiny, spinelike structures made from (aragonite?) and are derived from single epidermal cells, while mollusks are covered by a thick sheet of skin called a mantle which secretes a hard calcareous (KaL-KAREuS} (calcium) skeleton (aragonite or calcite), either as tiny sclerites or as plates. A sclerite {SKli-rIT} is a chitinous or calcareous plate, spicule, or similar part of an invertebrate, especially one of the hard outer plates forming part of the exoskeleton of an arthropod. In addition annelids have a well developed coelon and a closed circulatory system while mollusks have a reduced coelon and an open circulatory system. (Isn't segmentation in all bilaterians?) An early Cambrian fossil mollusk named Maikhanella, which has a shell made from sclerites that are only loosely fused together, implies that after millions of years of evolution the spines become more fused into a single, rigid shell familiar in mollusks of the present time.
530,000,000 YBN	338) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda evolve (insects, crustaceans). Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton.
530,000,000 YBN	339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora (onychophorans) evolves. Onychophorans, know as "velvet worms", are the living transistional form between worms and arthropods. Although they have segmented worm-like bodies, they also have jointed appenages, antennae, and shed their cuticle like arthropods do.
530,000,000 YBN	340) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada (tardigrades) evolves.
530,000,000 YBN	343) Trochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolve.
530,000,000 YBN	350) Deuterstome Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata evolves. This Subphylum contains most fish, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
530,000,000 YBN	351) Jawless fish (agnatha) evolve.
530,000,000 YBN	386) Earliest vertebrate and fish fossil.	(Chengjiang) Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
525,000,000 YBN	6329) Earliest hemichordate fossil: Pterobranch "graptolite".	(Chengjiang Konservat-Lagerstätte) Yunnan Province, China
SCIENCE
520,000,000 YBN	6296) Earliest worm fossil.	(Maotianshan Shale ) near Haikou, Kunming, China
520,000,000 YBN	6321) Earliest Chaetognath (arrow worm) fossil.	Lower (Cambrian Maotianshan Shale) near Haikou, Kunming, South China
507,000,000 YBN	140) Aysheaia (onychophoran, also described as lobopod) fossil, from Burgess shale.
507,000,000 YBN	145) Priapulid worm fossils of Burgess Shale.
507,000,000 YBN	146) Opabinia fossils of Burgess Shale.
507,000,000 YBN	147) Animalocaris fossils of Burgess Shale.
505,000,000 YBN	74) Oldest fossil of an artropod moulting.
500,000,000 YBN	230) Ascomycota Fungi "Pyrenomycetes" (head scab fungus, orange bread mold, rice blast fungus) and "Plectomycetes" (aspergillus, penicilin fungus, coccidiodomycosis fungus) evolve.
490,000,000 YBN	121) Start Ordovician (490-443 mybn), end Cambrian period (543-490 mybn).
488,000,000 YBN	6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN} radiation. During the Ordovician (488-444 million years ago), the number of genera will quadruple.
475,000,000 YBN	233) Genetic comparison shows Liverworts (Plant Division Marchantiophyta) evolving now.
475,000,000 YBN	244) Genetic comparison shows non-vascular plants (Bryophyta) (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses) evolving now. These plants lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither flower nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores.
475,000,000 YBN	352) Jawless fish lampreys and hagfish lines separate.
475,000,000 YBN	398) Plants live on land. Earliest fossil spore belonging to land plants.	Caradoc, Libya
470,000,000 YBN	234) Genetic comparison shows Hornworts (division Anthocerotophyta) evolving now.
460,000,000 YBN	84) Earliest fungi fossil.	Wisconsin, USA
460,000,000 YBN	235) Genetic comparison shows Mosses (division Bryophyta) evolving now.
460,000,000 YBN	353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {notoSTomoTo}. This large group includes all jawed fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. First vertebrate teeth. The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton. The earliest jawed vertebrates, have no bone, there skeleton is made of cartilage.	Oceans
443,000,000 YBN	122) Start Silurian period (443-417), end Ordovician period (490-443 mybn).
440,000,000 YBN	360) Ray-finned fishes (Jawed) evolve.	Ocean and fresh water
440,000,000 YBN	6172) The first lung evolves from the fish swim bladder.	Ocean (presumably)
439,000,000 YBN	90) Mass extinction.
428,000,000 YBN	401) Oldest fossil of vascular land plants, Cooksonia.
428,000,000 YBN	402) The first animals live on land, arthropods: millipedes.
428,000,000 YBN	6312) Oldest fossil land animal, a millipede.
425,000,000 YBN	377) Lobefin (Jawed) fish evolve.
417,000,000 YBN	123) Start Devonian period (417-354 mybn), end Silurian period (443-417 mybn).
417,000,000 YBN	378) Lungfishes (lobefin) evolve.
412,000,000 YBN	403) Oldest fossil lung fish.
409,000,000 YBN	404) Oldest fossil shark.
400,000,000 YBN	85) Earliest lichen fossil.
400,000,000 YBN	236) Genetic comparison shows the oldest line of living vascular plants (Phylum: Tracheophytes) evolving now.
400,000,000 YBN	399) Earliest fossil of an insect.
385,000,000 YBN	405) The first forests. Oldest fossil large trees.	Gilboa, New York, USA
380,000,000 YBN	406) Oldest fossil spider.
380,000,000 YBN	6330) Fish "Tiktaalik", important transition between fish and amphibian (tetrapod).	(Fram Formation) Nunavut Territory, Canada
375,000,000 YBN	380) First tetrapods (organisms with four feet), the amphibians evolve (ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, salamanders) in fresh water. First limbs (arms and legs) and fingers. All amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans are tetrapods.	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
368,000,000 YBN	407) Oldest amphibian (and tetrapod) fossil.	Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland
367,000,000 YBN	408) Mass extinction caused by ice age.
363,000,000 YBN	379) The first vertebrates live on land (amphibians).	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
360,000,000 YBN	237) Vascular plants ferns evolve.
359,000,000 YBN	243) The earliest fossil seed (Genomosperma) is from a seed fern (Pteridosperm).	Scotland
354,000,000 YBN	124) Start Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn), end Devonian period (417-354 mybn).
350,000,000 YBN	361) Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish.
350,000,000 YBN	362) Ray finned fishes: Bichirs evolve.
340,000,000 YBN	384) The hard-shell egg evolves. This group of tetropods, the Amniota, will branch into Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu} (which includes reptiles and birds) and Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du} (which includes mammals). All living amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) lay hard-shelled eggs, except in most mammals and some snakes and lizards, where egg laying has been replaced by live birth. This egg is waterproof. The earliest known amniotes, Westlothiana (~338 MY) and Hylonomus (~300 MY), are also the earliest known reptiles.	Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland
338,000,000 YBN	410) Oldest reptile (amniote) fossil.	Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland
335,000,000 YBN	6331) The tetrapod Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu} (which includes reptiles and birds) and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du} (which includes mammals). The earliest Sauropsid fossils, Lethiscus(~ 330 MYA) and Westlothiana (~328 MY) from Scotland. The earliest synapsid is Protoclepsydrops (~314 MY) from Joggins, Nova Scotia, although some people reject the Protoclepsydrops fossil in favor the next oldest possible synapsid fossils, such as Echinerpeton and Archaeothyris from Florence, Nova Scotia (~307 MY).	(earliest possible Synapsid fossil: Cumberland group, Joggins formation.) Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
330,000,000 YBN	6307) Synapsid Pelycosauria evolve (Edaphosaurus, Dimetrodon).
325,000,000 YBN	381) The Amphibians: Caecilians evolve.
324,000,000 YBN	411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect.	Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic
320,000,000 YBN	238) Gymnosperms (seed plants) evolve.
320,000,000 YBN	245) Genetic comparison shows earliest surviving flowering plant (Angiosperm) "Amborella" evolving now. This begins the "broad-leaf" plants. Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from plants with flowers. Tea, coffee, chocolate, wine, beer, tequila, and cola all come from flowing plants. Much of our clothing comes from flowering plants too: cotton and linen are made from "fibers" of flowering plants, as are rope and burlap, and many commercial dyes are extracted from other flowering plants. Many drugs also come from flowering plants including: aspirin, digitalis, opium, cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco. Angiosperms split from Gymnosperms around this time (320 mya), but do not radiate until around 180 mya. The oldest angiosperm fossil is around 145 million years old and from northeastern China.
317,000,000 YBN	385) Reptiles evolve (the earliest branch of the Sauropsida, Reptila or Eureptila). Reptiles are a group of air-breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization, a scaly body, and are cold-blooded. Most species have short legs (or none), long tails, and lay eggs. Living reptiles include snakes and lizard, crocodiles, and turtles. Extinct reptiles include the dinosaurs, the pterosaurs, and the dolphin-like ichthyosaurs. The earliest reptile fossil is Hylonomus from the Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia which dates to around 314 MY.	(Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada
315,000,000 YBN	453) Allegheny mountains form as a result of the collision of Europe and eastern North America.
305,000,000 YBN	242) Earliest frogs fossil, Prosalire.
305,000,000 YBN	382) The amphibians: Frogs and Toads evolve.
305,000,000 YBN	383) Amphibians: Salamanders evolve.
300,000,000 YBN	387) Reptiles: Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins evolve.
290,000,000 YBN	125) Start Permian period (290-248 mybn), end Carboniferous period (354-290 mybn).
290,000,000 YBN	239) Genetic comparison shows the second oldest living Gymnosperm, Ginkgo from the Plant Kingdom evolving now.
287,000,000 YBN	6308) Synapsid Therapsids evolve (Cynodonts).
274,000,000 YBN	307) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of the Brown Algae (Phaeophyta, Class "Phaeophyceae" (FEo-FIS-E-I or FEo-FIS-E-E}) evolving now. Brown algae have both filamentous multicellularity and cell differentiation. Brown algae belong to a large group called the heterokonts, most of which are colored flagellates. Most contain the pigment fucoxanthin, which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives brown algae their name. Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellate spores, which closely resemble other heterokont cells. Genetic studies show their closest relatives are the yellow-green algae. Most Brown algae are haplodiplontic. For those that think algae are plants, this is where the plant kingdom begins with the evolution of brown algae (phaeophyta). Brown algae belong to a very large group, the Heterokontophyta, a eukaryotic group of organisms distinguished most prominently by having chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a symbiotic relationship between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. (verify)
270,000,000 YBN	240) Genetic comparison shows the third oldest living Gymnosperms, Conifers (Plant division "Pinophyta") evolving now.
266,000,000 YBN	308) Protist Subphylum "Diatomeae" evolves (Diatoms).
260,000,000 YBN	364) Ray-finned fishes: Gars.
255,000,000 YBN	389) Reptiles: Tuataras {TUeToRoZ} evolve.	(Islands of) New Zealand
251,400,000 YBN	102) Largest mass extinction of history.
251,000,000 YBN	452) The supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.
251,000,000 YBN	6306) Oldest fossil egg.	Texas (verify)
250,000,000 YBN	241) Genetic comparison shows the fourth oldest living Plant Division "Gnetales" evolving now.
250,000,000 YBN	368) Ray-finned fishes: Bowfin fishes.
248,000,000 YBN	54) End of Paleozoic and start of Mesozoic Supereon, and the end of the Permian (290-248 mybn) and start of the Triassic period (248-206 mybn).
245,000,000 YBN	392) Reptiles: Crocodiles, allegators, caimans {KAmeNS} evolve.
239,000,000 YBN	6298) Dinosaurs divide into two major lines: Ornithischians (Bird-hipped dinosaurs) and Saurischians (Lizard-hipped dinosaurs). The Ornithischians will evolve into both bipedal and quadrupedal plant-eaters (herbavores), and the Saurischians will evolve into bipedal meat-eaters (carnivores) and quadrupedal plant-eaters.
230,000,000 YBN	232) Endothermic (warm blooded) (possibly a therocephalian) reptile evolves.
228,000,000 YBN	412) Reptiles: dinosaurs evolve.	(Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina
228,000,000 YBN	6299) Oldest dinosaur fossil.	(Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina
225,000,000 YBN	126) Mammals evolve. First nipple, mammary gland, and breast.	(Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA
220,000,000 YBN	400) Oldest mammal fossil (Adelobasileus).	(Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA
220,000,000 YBN	428) The first flying vertebrate (Pterosaur). Oldest Pterosaur fossils (Preondactylus and Eudimorphodon).
210,000,000 YBN	369) Ancestor of all (Ray-Finned) teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolves.
210,000,000 YBN	390) Reptiles: iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	391) Reptiles: snakes, skinks, and geckos evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	413) Oldest turtle fossil.
210,000,000 YBN	6313) Teleosts: Bonytongues.
209,500,000 YBN	489) Triconodonta (extinct mammals) evolve.
206,000,000 YBN	127) Start Jurassic period (206-144 mybn), end Triassic period (248-206 mybn).
201,400,000 YBN	228) Mass extinction.
200,000,000 YBN	370) Teleosts: eels and tarpons evolve.
190,000,000 YBN	358) Jawed fishes: squalea {SKWAlEo} evolve (rays, skates, sawfishes).
190,000,000 YBN	359) Jawed fish: "Galea" (sharks) evolve (great white, hammerhead, nurse sharks).
190,000,000 YBN	371) Teleosts: herrings and anchovies.
190,000,000 YBN	6289) Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana will form South America and Africa.	Pangea
185,000,000 YBN	194) Oldest diatom (Heterokonts or Chromalveolates) fossils.
180,000,000 YBN	456) Earliest extant mammals, monotremes {moNeTrEMZ} evolve.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
179,000,000 YBN	250) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group "Magnoliids" evolving now. There are 9,000 living species. Magnoliids include magnolias, nutmeg, avocado, sassafras, cinnamon, black and white pepper, camphor, bay (laurel) leaves. The oldest living flower, Amborella is catagorized as a Magnoliid.
179,000,000 YBN	6288) Genetic comparison shows earliest extant flowering plant (Angiosperm) "Amborella" evolving now.
171,000,000 YBN	247) Genetic comparison shows the second oldest line of Angiosperms, the Water Lilies ("Nymphaeales") evolving now.
170,000,000 YBN	372) Teleosts: carp, minnows, piranhas.
170,000,000 YBN	373) Teleosts: salmon, trout, pike.
165,000,000 YBN	457) Genetic comparison shows the ancestor of all Marsupials evolving now. This is the last common ancestor of Eutheria (including Placental) and Metatheria (including Marsupial) mammals. the earliest known marsupial is Sinodelphys szalayi, which lived in China around 125 million years ago (mya).	China
160,000,000 YBN	163) The Eutheria. Placental mammals evolve.	(Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China
155,000,000 YBN	251) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Ceratophyllaceae" evolving now. 6 living species. The oldest relative of all the eudicots.
155,000,000 YBN	253) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group Eudicots {YUDIKoTS or YUDiKoTS} (includes most former dicotyledons) evolving now. Eudicots are the largest lineage of flowers. Eudicots are also called "tricolpates" which refers to the structure of the pollen. The two main groups are the "rosids" and "asterids".
154,000,000 YBN	252) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm group "Monocotyledons" (Monocots) evolving now. Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.
154,000,000 YBN	265) Angiosperm Monocot group "Base Monocots" evolves (asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, orchid, lily).
150,000,000 YBN	246) Large, long-necked (sauropod) dinosaurs like Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Diplodocus live around this time.	western USA
150,000,000 YBN	330) Stegosaurus, an armored, plant-eating dinosaur lives around this time.	western USA
150,000,000 YBN	374) Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish.
150,000,000 YBN	393) Birds evolve. The first feather.
150,000,000 YBN	394) Oldest bird (and feather) fossil, Archaeopteryx.	Solnhofen, Germany
147,000,000 YBN	254) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm "Basal Eudicots" evolving now. Basal Eudicots include the buttercup, clematis, poppy (opium and morphine), macadamia, lotus, sycamore.
146,000,000 YBN	490) Multituberculata (extinct major branch of mammals) evolve.
145,000,000 YBN	415) Oldest flower fossil.	(Yixian Formation) Liaoning Province, northeastern China
144,000,000 YBN	128) Start Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn), end Jurassic period (206-144 mybn).
136,000,000 YBN	460) Enantiornithes (early birds) evolve.
130,000,000 YBN	375) Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, barracuda.
130,000,000 YBN	376) Teleosts: cod, anglerfish.
124,000,000 YBN	267) Angiosperm Eudicot "Core Eudicots" evolve. Core Eudicots includes carnation, cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, sundew, venus flytrap, pitcher plants {old world}, beet, quinoa, spinach, currant, sweet gum, peony, witch-hazel, mistletoe, grape.
120,000,000 YBN	463) Neornithes {nEORnitEZ} evolve (modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all living birds).
114,000,000 YBN	274) Flowers "Basal Asterids" evolve (dogwoods, tupelo, dove tree).
114,000,000 YBN	275) Angiosperm Eudicots "Basal Asterids" Order "Ericales" evolves (kiwi, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, pitcher plants, tea).
112,000,000 YBN	481) Earliest monotreme (mammal) fossil (Steropodon galmani).	Lightning Ridge in north central New South Wales, Australia
109,000,000 YBN	256) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Basal Rosids" evolving now. Includes Geranium, Pomegranate, myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, eucalyptus. # Basal rosids * Crossosomatales * Geraniales * Myrtales
107,000,000 YBN	277) Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids I" evolve, with earliest surviving order "Garryales".
105,000,000 YBN	417) Argentinosaurus, possibly largest animal of all time lives.
105,000,000 YBN	491) Ancestor of all placental mammal Afrotheres evolves (elephants, manatees, aardvarks). Afrotheres originate in Africa and are the earliest extant placental mammals.	Africa
101,000,000 YBN	285) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids II" order "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ} evolving now. Asterales includes burdock, tarragon, daisy, marigold, safflower, chrysanthemum (mum), chickory, endive, artichoke, sunflower, sunroot (Jerusalem artichoke), lettuce, chamomile, black-eyed susan, black salsify, dandelion, zinnia
100,000,000 YBN	465) Birds "Ratites" evolve (ostrich, emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE}, kiwis).
100,000,000 YBN	480) Kollikodon ritchiei, an extinct monotreme lives.
95,000,000 YBN	283) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids II" order "Apiales" {APEAlEZ} evolving now. Apiales includes dill, angelica, chervil, celery, caraway, cumin, sea holly, poison hemlock, coriander (cilantro), carrot, lovage, parsnip, anise, fennel, cicely, parsley, ivy, ginseng
95,000,000 YBN	419) Spinosaurus fossil, perhaps the largest meat-eating dinosaur, estimated to have been 45 to 50 feet long.
95,000,000 YBN	498) Mammals "Xenarthrans" {ZeNoRtreNZ} evolve (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos).
94,000,000 YBN	261) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids I" Order "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ} evolving now. Fabales includes beans (green, lima, kidney, pinto, navy, black, mung {sprouts}, fava {falafel}, cow (black-eyed), popping), pea, peanut, soy {tofu, miso, tempeh, milk}, lentil, chick pea (garbonzo) {falafel}, lupin, clover, alfalfa {sprouts}, cassia, jicama, Judas tree, tamarind, acacia, mesquite
91,000,000 YBN	259) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids I" Order "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ} evolving now. Malpighiales includes gambooge, mangosteen, coca {cocaine, drink}, rubber tree, cassava (manioc) {used like potato, tapioca}, castol oil, poinsettia, flax, acerola (barbados cherry), willow, poplar, aspen, violet (pansy).
91,000,000 YBN	260) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids I" Order "Oxalidales" evolving now (fly-catcher plant).
90,000,000 YBN	270) Angiosperm Eudicots "Eurosids II" evolve: earliest surviving Order "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ} (horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, papaya).
89,000,000 YBN	262) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids I" Order "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ} evolving now. Rosales includes hemp (cannibis, marijuana) {rope, oil, recreational drug}, hackberry, hop {beer}, breadfruit, cempedak, jackfruit, marang, paper mulberry, fig, banyan, strawberry, rose, red raspberry, black raspberry, blackberry, cloudberry, loganberry, salmonberry, thimbleberry, serviceberry, chokeberry, quince, loquat, apple, crabapple, pair, plums, cherry, peach, apricot, almond, jujube, elm
89,000,000 YBN	279) Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids I" order "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ} evolves. Gentianales includes gentian, dogbane, carissa (Natal plum), oleander, logania, coffee
87,000,000 YBN	266) Angiosperm Monocot "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ} evolve (palms, coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK}, banana, ginger).
86,000,000 YBN	278) Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids I" order "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ} evolves (bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, eggplant).	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	263) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm, "Eurosids I" Order "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ} evolving now. Cucurbitales includes watermelon, musk, cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba, cucumbers, gourds, pumpkins, squashes (acorn, buttercup, butternut, cushaw, hubbard, pattypan, spaghetti), zucchini, begonia	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	264) Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids I" Order "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ} evolves. Fagales includes Birch, Hazel {nut}, Filbert {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak {nut, cork}, walnut, pecan, hickory, bayberry.
85,000,000 YBN	466) Birds "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ} evolve (Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, Quail). The Galliformes are an order of birds that includes important domestic and game birds, such as turkeys, pheasants, and quails.
85,000,000 YBN	467) Birds "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ} evolve (waterfowl: ducks, geese, swan). The "Anseriformes" are an order of birds, including ducks, geese, swans, and screamers, characterized by a broad, flat bill and webbed feet.
85,000,000 YBN	499) Ancestor of all placental mammal "Laurasiatheres" evolves. This major line of mammals includes bats, camels, pigs, deer, sheep, hippos, whales, horses, rhinos, cats, dogs, bears, seals, walruses.	Laurasia
84,000,000 YBN	454) Rocky mountains form.
82,000,000 YBN	271) Angiosperm Eudicot "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ} evolve (okra, cotton, cacao {KoKoU}).	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	272) Angiosperm Eudicot "Eurosids II" Order "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ} evolve (buckeye, horse chestnut, longan, lychee, rambutan, guarana, bael, orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, tangerine, pomelo, kumquat, langsat, duku, mahogany, cashew, mango, pistachio, sumac, peppertree, poison-ivy, frankincense).	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	420) Hadrosaurs, duck-billed dinosaurs are common.
82,000,000 YBN	500) Laurasiatheres "Insectivora" evolves (shrews, moles, hedgehogs).
80,000,000 YBN	421) Ceratopsian dinosaurs. Protoceratops, an early shield-headed (ceratopsian) dinosaur fossil.	Mongolia, China
80,000,000 YBN	422) Dinosaurs: Raptors.
80,000,000 YBN	482) Marsupials: "Didelphimorphia" evolve (American and true opossums).	Americas
80,000,000 YBN	501) Laurasiatheres mammals "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu} evolves (fruit bats, echolocating bats).	Laurasia
78,000,000 YBN	502) Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu} evolve (ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu}: camels, pigs, ruminants, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu}: Whales, Dolphins). The artiodactyla are an order comprising the even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). There are two main radiations: the predominantly omnivorous Bunodontia, including suoids (such as pigs, peccaries, and hippos); and the more herbivorous Selenodontia, including camels and ruminants. Ruminants are any of various hoofed, even-toed, usually horned mammals of the suborder Ruminantia, such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and giraffes, characteristically having a stomach divided into four compartments and chewing a cud consisting of regurgitated, partially digested food.	Laurasia
77,000,000 YBN	483) Marsupials "Paucituberculata" evolve (Shrew opossums) evolve.	Andes Mountains, South America
76,000,000 YBN	503) Laurasiatheres order "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu} evolve (Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ }, Rhinos).	Laurasia
75,000,000 YBN	204) Oldest fossil of testate amoeba from Grand Canyon, USA. Earliest known protozoan fossil (single celled nonphotosynthesizing eukaryotes). This fossil indicates that the last common ancestor of animals and fungi has already appeared by 750 million years ago.	( black shales of Chuar Group) Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
75,000,000 YBN	423) Ceratopsian (shield-headed) dinosaurs are common.
75,000,000 YBN	492) Aardvark (Afrotheres) evolves.	Africa
75,000,000 YBN	504) Laurasiatheres order "Carnivora" evolve (Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, Walruses).	Laurasia
74,000,000 YBN	280) Genetic comparison shows the Angiosperm Eudicot "Euasterids I" order "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ} evolving now. Lamiales includes lavender, mint, peppermint, basil, marjoram, oregano, perilla, rosemary, sage, savory, thyme, teak, sesame, corkscrew plants, bladderwort, snapdragon, olive, ash, lilac, jasmine
73,000,000 YBN	484) Marsupials "Peramelemorphia" evolves (Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ}).	Australia
70,000,000 YBN	424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs of all time exist. Tyrannosaurus rex is the top predator in North America and Giganotosaurus is in South America.	Americas
70,000,000 YBN	425) Ankylosaurs (shield back and/or club tail dinosaurs) evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	426) Mosasaurs, marine reptiles evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	493) Tenrecs and golden moles (Afrotheres) evolve.	Africa
70,000,000 YBN	494) Elephant Shrews (Afrotheres) evolve.	Africa
70,000,000 YBN	507) Placental Mammals: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ} (Order "Lagomorpha") evolve. Rabbits were once classified as rodents, because they also have very prominent gnawing teeth at the front, but were separated into their own order called "Lagomorpha". Lagomorphs and rodents are grouped together in a cohort named "Glires".
70,000,000 YBN	516) Placental Mammals: Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ} evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	1383) The giant bird-like dinosaur Gigantoraptor erlianensis lives now.
65,500,000 YBN	55) End of Mesozoic and start of Cenozoic Supereon.
65,500,000 YBN	397) Mass extinction.
65,000,000 YBN	129) Start Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), end Cretaceous period (144-65 mybn).
65,000,000 YBN	427) Largest Pterosaur, Quetzalcoatlus evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	429) There is a rapid increase in new species of fossil mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Most early Cenozoic mammal fossils are small.
65,000,000 YBN	468) Birds "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ}evolve (cranes and rails).
65,000,000 YBN	470) Birds "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ} evolve (owls).
65,000,000 YBN	485) Marsupials "Notoryctemorphia" evolve (Marsupial moles).	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	486) Marsupials: Marsupials "Dasyuromorphia" evolve (Tasmanian Devil, Numbat {nuMBaT}).	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	487) Marsupials "Microbiotheria" evolves (Monita Del Monte).
65,000,000 YBN	488) Australian marsupials "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu} evolve (Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, Koalas).	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	508) Ancestor of all rodents evolves. The earliest surviving suborder are the "Myomorpha" (rats, mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ}, lemmings, hamsters). Rodents are an order of mammals characterized by a single pair of ever-growing upper and lower incisors, a maximum of five upper and four lower cheek teeth on each side, and free movement of the lower jaw in an anteroposterior direction.
65,000,000 YBN	509) Rodents: Beavers, Pocket gophers, Pocket mice and kangaroo rats evolve.
65,000,000 YBN	807) Cetardiodactyla branch. The ancestor of camels and llamas splits with the ancestor of the rest of the Even-Toed Ungulates (Cetardiodactyla/Artiodactyla: pigs, ruminants, hippos, dolphins and whales).
63,000,000 YBN	510) Springhares and Scaly-tailed Squirrels (rodents) evolve.
63,000,000 YBN	587) Primates evolve, most likely in Africa or the Indian subcontinent. The order primates contains more than 300 species, including monkeys, apes, and humans.	Africa or India
63,000,000 YBN	588) Widespread appearance of primates starts at base of Eocene.
62,000,000 YBN	495) Afrotheres: Elephants evolve.	Africa
60,000,000 YBN	430) In South America, the Andes mountains begin to form.
60,000,000 YBN	431) Oldest fossil rodent.
60,000,000 YBN	432) Creodont, cat-like species, like Oxyaena are common.
60,000,000 YBN	586) Oldest potential primate fossil.	Morocco, Africa
60,000,000 YBN	808) Last common ancestor of pigs with ruminant-hippo-whale line.
59,000,000 YBN	496) Hyraxes (Afrotheres) evolve.	Africa
59,000,000 YBN	497) Afrotheres: Manatee and Dugong evolve.
58,000,000 YBN	511) Rodents: Dormice, Mountain Beaver, Squirrels and Marmots evolve.
58,000,000 YBN	524) Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ} evolve.
57,000,000 YBN	433) Oldest hooved mammal fossil.
55,000,000 YBN	435) Unitatherium are largest land animals.
55,000,000 YBN	436) Oldest horse fossil.
55,000,000 YBN	809) Last common ancestor of Ruminants with Hippos, Dolphins and Whales.
54,970,000 YBN	434) Oldest primate skull.
54,000,000 YBN	810) The line that leads to hippos and the line to dolphins and whales split.
53,500,000 YBN	812) Oldest fossils of dolphins and whales semiaquatic "Pakicetus".
52,500,000 YBN	6179) Earliest bat fossils (Icaronycteris and Onychonycteris).	(Green River Formation) Wyoming
51,000,000 YBN	513) Rodents: Old World Porcupines evolve.
50,000,000 YBN	437) Oldest elephant fossil.	Algeria, Africa
50,000,000 YBN	438) Himalayan mountains start to form as India collides with Eurasia.	Himalyia Mountains, India
50,000,000 YBN	518) Primates: Lorises {LORiSEZ}, Bushbabies, Pottos {PoTTOZ} evolve.
50,000,000 YBN	816) Oldest Ambulocetus (early whale) fossil.
49,000,000 YBN	439) The largest meat-eating land animals of the Paleocene and Eocene epochs were flightless birds, like Diatryma from America , and Gastornis from Europe.
49,000,000 YBN	472) Birds "Caprimulgiformes" (nightjars, night hawks, potoos, oilbirds) evolve.
49,000,000 YBN	474) Birds "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ} evolve (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World vultures).
49,000,000 YBN	515) Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ} evolve.
46,000,000 YBN	817) Oldest Rodhocetus (early whale) fossil.
45,000,000 YBN	519) Primate: Aye-aye {I-I} evolves.
40,000,000 YBN	440) In Europe the Alpine mountains start to form.	Alpine mountains
40,000,000 YBN	525) Primates: New World Monkeys evolve. The ancestor of all New World monkeys probably originates in Africa, but all surviving descendants now live in the Americas, which suggests that, more than 25 million years ago, a small group of New World monkeys got across the early Atlantic Ocean to South America, perhaps by rafting on fallen trees over a chain of islands.	Africa
40,000,000 YBN	815) Oldest Basilosaurus (early whale) fossil.
37,000,000 YBN	442) Oldest fossil of dog, Hesperocyon.
37,000,000 YBN	471) Birds "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ} evolve (hummingbirds, swifts). (swift fastest bird, hummingbird fastest flapping?)
37,000,000 YBN	475) Birds: Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ} evolve (cuckoos, roadrunners).
37,000,000 YBN	476) Birds "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ} evolve (woodpeckers, toucans).
34,000,000 YBN	814) Earliest Baleen whale fossil.
33,000,000 YBN	611) Amniota splits into Sauropsida and Synapsida. Sauropsida leads to all reptiles and birds, while Synapsida leads to all mammals.
30,000,000 YBN	443) Indricotherium, the largest land mammal in the history of earth.	India
30,000,000 YBN	520) Primates: True Lemurs evolve.
28,000,000 YBN	477) Birds "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ} (perching songbirds) evolve. This order includes many common birds: crows, jays, sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ}, larks, finches. More than half of all species of bird are passerines. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines are one of the most spectacularly successful vertebrate orders: with around 5,400 species, they are roughly twice as diverse as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia.
28,000,000 YBN	811) Last common ancestor of dolphins and whales.
25,000,000 YBN	444) Oldest cat fossil.
25,000,000 YBN	531) Primates: Old World Monkeys evolve. There are 20 surviving genera and around 100 species of Old World Monkey.	(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa
24,000,000 YBN	662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail. This may be a genetic mutation or because a tail might be an obstacle for species like gibbons that swing from branch to branch as opposed to more ancient primates that leap from branches. Based on 22my Egyptopithecus fossils which is thought to not have had a tail {check}.
23,000,000 YBN	478) Monotreme: Echidna evolve.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
23,000,000 YBN	479) Monotreme: "Duck-Billed Platypus" evolves.	Australia and Tasmania
22,000,000 YBN	526) New World Monkeys: Sakis, Uakaris {WoKoREZ}, and Titis {TETEZ}.
22,000,000 YBN	527) New World Monkeys: Howler, Spider and Woolly monkeys.
22,000,000 YBN	528) New World Monkeys: Capuchin {KaPYUCiN} and Squirrel monkeys.	Americas
22,000,000 YBN	558) Afropithecus evolves in Africa.
22,000,000 YBN	559) Proconsul evolves in East Africa.
22,000,000 YBN	560) Aegyptopithecus evolves in East Africa.
21,000,000 YBN	529) New World Monkeys: Night (or Owl) monkeys.
21,000,000 YBN	530) New World Monkeys: Tamarins {TaMariNZ} and Marmosets {moRmoSeTS}.
21,000,000 YBN	556) Kenyapithecus evolves in Africa.
20,000,000 YBN	549) The ancestor of all the homonids moves over land from Africa into Europe and Asia.
20,000,000 YBN	561) Genetic evidence that complex human language (with perhaps 5 or more sounds) evolves in early Homo species.
18,000,000 YBN	537) Primates: Gibbons evolve. There are 12 species of Gibbons.	South-East Asia
16,000,000 YBN	555) Oreopithecus evolves in Eurasia (or Africa?).
15,000,000 YBN	553) Lufengpithecus evolves in China.
14,000,000 YBN	542) Earliest extant Hominid: Orangutans evolve. Most primitive living Hominid.	South-East Asia
13,000,000 YBN	551) Dryopithecus evolves in Eurasia. (or East Africa?) This is the oldest fossil of the family Hominidae.
13,000,000 YBN	552) Graecopithecus (Ouranopithecus) evolves in India and Pakistan.
10,500,000 YBN	538) Gibbons: Crested Gibbons.	South-East Asia
10,000,000 YBN	533) Old World Monkeys: Colobus {KoLiBeS} monkeys.	Africa
10,000,000 YBN	534) Old World Monkeys: Langurs {LoNGURZ} and Proboscis monkeys.	Asia
10,000,000 YBN	535) Old World Monkeys: Guenons {GenONZ}.
10,000,000 YBN	536) Old World Monkeys: Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills.
9,000,000 YBN	550) The ancestor of the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and archaic humans moves over land from Eurasia back into Africa.
7,750,000 YBN	539) Gibbons: Siamangs {SEumANGZ}.	South-East Asia
7,000,000 YBN	469) Birds "Podicipediformes" (grebes) evolve.
7,000,000 YBN	543) Hominids: Gorillas evolve.	Africa
7,000,000 YBN	565) "Toumai" (genus Sahelanthropus) fossils, possibly the earliest bipedal homonid, found in Chad, central Africa date to this time. There is a conflict between the genetic date of 6 million for the chimpanzee-hominid split, and this and other fossils that indicate that this split was earlier.
6,100,000 YBN	566) Orrorin fossils, perhaps the second oldest hominid ancestor date from this time.
6,000,000 YBN	540) Gibbons: Hylobates {HIlOBATEZ}.	South-East Asia
6,000,000 YBN	541) Gibbons: Hoolocks {HUleKS}.	South-East Asia
6,000,000 YBN	544) Chimpanzees evolve. Last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans lives in Africa. This is when the line that leads to chimpanzees and the line that leads to humans separates.	Africa
5,800,000 YBN	569) Ardipithicus fossils, a genus of early hominins, dates from this time.
5,000,000 YBN	554) Gigantopithecus evolves in China.
4,400,000 YBN	546) Hominid: Ardipithecus. Earliest bipedal primate.	Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa
4,000,000 YBN	445) Oldest Australopithecus fossil.	Sterkfontein, South Africa
4,000,000 YBN	547) Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS} evolves.	Sterkfontein, South Africa
3,700,000 YBN	570) Laetoli footprints date to this time.
3,500,000 YBN	568) Kenyanthropus fossils date from this time.
3,390,000 YBN	269) Oldest evidence of stone used as tool.	Dikika, Ethiopia
3,180,000 YBN	571) Australopithecus afarensis fossil, "Lucy", date to this time.
3,000,000 YBN	446) North and South America connect.
2,700,000 YBN	564) Paranthropus {Pa RaN tru PuS}, a line of extinct bipedal early hominids evolves.	Africa
2,500,000 YBN	447) Homo Habilis evolves. Homo Habilis is the earliest member of genus "Homo". Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of Homo ergaster. Homo Habilis evolved in Africa. The oldest Homo Habilis fossil is from this time. As the habilis brain grows, habilis gains a larger memory.	Africa
2,500,000 YBN	455) Oldest formed stone tools. This begins the "Stone Age", the Paleolithic ("Old Stone Age"). Other species have been observed to use tools, including Chimpanzees using sticks they sharpen with their teeth to rouse pray.	Gona, Ethiopia
2,000,000 YBN	545) Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ} evolve.	Africa
1,800,000 YBN	130) Start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now), end Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn).
1,800,000 YBN	563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS} evolves (from Homo habilis). Homo ergaster is the African Homo erectus and the ancestor of Homo sapiens.	Africa
1,800,000 YBN	826) End Tertiary period (65-1.8 mybn), start Quaternary period (1.8 mybn-now).
1,700,000 YBN	449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa. Oldest Homo erectus fossil outside of Africa.
1,500,000 YBN	562) Oldest Homo Ergaster near-complete hominid skeleten (Turkana Boy) from East Africa.
1,500,000 YBN	583) Earliest evidence of use of fire, burned bones from Swartkrans cave in South Africa.	(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa
1,440,000 YBN	448) Most recent Homo Habilis fossil.	Kenya, Africa
1,000,000 YBN	589) Homo erectus evolves less body hair, except head hair, facial hair, airpit, chest and groin areas. This is thought to be driven by male sexual selection of less haired females, perhaps because less hair means less body lice and so is more desirable. No other surviving apes have taken this direction.
970,000 YBN	200) That humans (Homo antecessor) wear clothing at this time is implied by the cold climate that occurred at the same time that stone tools found in the area were used. The earliest genetic evidence of humans wearing clothes, is based on the differences of the head and body louse and puts the change to around 80,000 years before now.	Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK
400,000 YBN	615) Oldest evidence of spear.	Schöningen, Germany.
200,000 YBN	548) Humans (Homo sapiens) evolve in Africa.	Ethiopia, Africa
200,000 YBN	590) Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop. This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimps and monkeys, that will result in the short staccato language humans use now.
195,000 YBN	161) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull, in Ethiopia, Africa.
190,000 YBN	595) Homo sapiens start to show dramatic increase in creative ability which includes: more diversity in stone tool types, and regular stool tools for specific uses, artifac ts carved from bone, antler and ivory in addition to stone burials were accompanied by ritual or ceremony and contained a rich diversity of grave goods living structures and well-designed fireplaces were constructed hunting of dangerous animal species and fishing occurred regularly higher population densities abundant and elaborate art as well as items of personal adornment were widespread raw materials such as flint and shells were traded over large distances
190,000 YBN	600) Very uncertain when, but the S, Z, s family of sounds evolves in early sapien language.
170,000 YBN	592) It is very difficult to determine, but at some point the "L", "M", "N", and "R" family of sounds were invented by early Homo sapiens presumably in Africa. Sapien language has not yet taken on the present "staccato" form of combined short duration sounds, although objects are probably labeled with multi sound words.
160,000 YBN	591) Second oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull, like the oldest in Ethiopia, Africa.
150,000 YBN	601) The short duration family of sounds (B,D,G,K,P,T) evolves in early sapien language. Initially, these sounds may have formed (naturally) before the long vowel sound (for example a "B" sound when opening the mouth to howl a vowel sound). This begins the "short duration" language, where each sound, including vowels, and open consonents (l,m,n,r) are shortened to short durations. This is basically the form of language all humans use today, short duration (50 ms each) sounds from a family of only 50 sounds, combined together to form words used to describe objects and activities (nouns), movements and actions (verbs), and later a second word added to further describe objects, adjectives.
130,000 YBN	450) Neanderthals evolve from Homo ergaster.	Europe and Western Asia
120,000 YBN	572) Wurm glaciation starts.
100,000 YBN [98000 BC]	257) Theory of Gods controlling universe created by early humans. Humans create a word to mean "everything" like "universe".	Africa
95,000 YBN [93000 BC]	594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia. This is the beginning of differences in race within the human species.
92,000 YBN [90000 BC]	597) Oldest human (Homo sapiens) skull outside Africa, in Israel.	(Skhul Cave) Mount Carmel, Israel
60,000 YBN [58000 BC]	573) Oldest evidence of humans in Americas, from a rock shelter in Pedra Furada, Brazil.
53,300 YBN [51300 BC]	557) Homo Erectus extinct. Most recent Homo Erectus fossil in Southeast Asia (Java).	Ngandong, Indonesia
46,000 YBN [44000 BC]	577) Earliest evidence of water ship. Sapiens from Southeast Asia reach Australia by boat.
43,000 YBN [41000 BC]	1187) The oldest known mine, "Lion Cave" in Swaziland, Africa is in use.	Swaziland, Africa
42,000 YBN [40000 BC]	596) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Australia.
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	598) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in Europe.
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	604) Oldest evidence of oil lamp.	Southwest France
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	5871) Oldest indisputable musical instrument, a flute made from the wing bone of a vulture.	Hohle Fels Cave, Germany
38,000 YBN [36000 BC]	574) Second oldest evidence of humans in Americas, from Orogrande cave, in New Mexico.
32,000 YBN [01/01/30000 BC]	1262) Oldest known human-made painting.	Southern France
32,000 YBN [30000 BC]	602) Oldest evidence of weaving and textiles.	Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia
31,700 YBN [29700 BC]	42) Humans raise dogs.	Goyet cave, Belgium
30,000 YBN [28000 BC]	575) Mitochondrial DNA shows a sapiens migration to the Americas now.
30,000 YBN [28000 BC]	599) Oldest Homo sapiens fossil in China.
29,000 YBN [27000 BC]	6215) Earliest ceramic object, the Venus figurines.	Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia
28,000 YBN [26000 BC]	451) Neanderthals extinct. Most recent Neanderthal fossil.	Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Spain
26,000 YBN [24000 BC]	6224) Earliest "fired" clay (clay dried and hardened by fire).	Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Czech Republic
23,000 YBN [21000 BC]	6231) Earliest human-made structure. A stone wall.	(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece
20,000 YBN [18000 BC]	576) Y Chromosome DNA shows a sapiens migration to the Americas now.
19,000 YBN [17000 BC]	6184) Cereal gathering.	Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)
18,000 YBN [16000 BC]	603) Oldest evidence of pottery. The oldest known ceramic objects are the "Venus" figurines which date back to 29,000 years before present.	(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China
17,000 YBN [15000 BC]	6225) Earliest rope.	Lascaux, France
14,000 YBN [12000 BC]	6227) Oldest Map.	Mezhirich, Ukraine
13,000 YBN [11000 BC]	578) Oldest human bones in America.	Mexico City and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA
12,500 YBN [10500 BC]	582) Human artifacts from Monte Verde, southern Chile.
11,500 YBN [9500 BC]	581) Spear Head from Clovis, New Mexico.
11,500 YBN [9500 BC]	719) Earliest evidence of rice cultivation in China.	Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	606) Oldest city, Jericho. Jericho is located in the West bank, near the Jordan river (east of Mediterranean). Jericho is one of the earliest continuous settlements on Earth, starting from perhaps about 9000 bce. This city provides evidence of the first permanent settlements.	Jericho, (modern West Bank) Palestine
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	617) Goats raised.	Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey (11,000 bp), and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000).
10,700 YBN [8700 BC]	829) Humans shape metal objects.	Northern Iraq
10,500 YBN [8500 BC]	6315) Sheep raised for wool, skins, meat and dung (for fuel).	Northern Zagros to southeastern Anatolia|(Middle East) Eastern Mediterranean
10,000 YBN [01/01/8000 BC]	1259) Clay tokens of various geometrical shapes are used for counting in Sumer.	Syria, Sumer and Highland Iran
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	205) Pigs raised and killed for food.	(Near East) Eastern Mediterranean and Island South East Asia|southeastern Anatolia
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	614) Oldest evidence of bow and arrow.	Stellmoor (near Hamburg), Germany
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	6316) Cow raised for milk, meat and for plowing.	upper Euphrates Valley
9,300 YBN [7300 BC]	6185) Wheat grown.	southeastern Turkey and northern Syria
9,240 YBN [7240 BC]	1478) Oldest domesticated plants in the Americas. Squash grown in Peru.	Paiján, Peru
9,000 YBN [7000 BC]	273) Earliest woven cloth	Çayönü, Turkey
9,000 YBN [7000 BC]	1288) Mehrgarh an Indus Valley neolithic city begins now.
8,600 YBN [6600 BC]	848) Symbols created on a tortoise shell from a neolithic grave in China may be ancestors of Chinese writing.	Jiahu, in central China's Henan Province
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	605) Oldest known boat, a dug-out boat.	Netherlands
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	607) Oldest flint sickle.
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	608) Oldest saddle quern (a stone used to grind grain into flour).
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	609) Einkorn grown.
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	610) Flax grown.
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	612) Barley grown.
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	613) Millet grown.
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	616) City "Catal Hüyük".
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	6220) Earliest drum.	Moravia, Czeck Republic
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	618) City of Sumer.
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	619) City of Ur.
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	627) Oldest evidence of copper melting and casting.	Belovode, Eastern Serbia
6,900 YBN [4900 BC]	648) Sail boat.	Mesopotamia
6,250 YBN [4250 BC]	720) Earliest evidence of Corn (maize) grown in Americas.	Oaxaca, Mexico
6,000 YBN [4000 BC]	830) Oldest iron artifacts, made of iron from meteorites, in Egypt.	Egpyt
6,000 YBN [4000 BC]	6232) Sun-dried mud brick and mud-brick house.	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	621) Oldest plow.
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	622) Oldest evidence of irrigation on earth, in "middle east" (east of Mediterranean).
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	623) Oldest pottery baked in fire-heated oven.
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	625) Donkey kept, fed and used to transport.
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	630) Metal coin money.	Lydia, Anatolia
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	634) Egyptian calendar.
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel, comes from Mesopotamia.	Mesopotamia (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	1260) Writing (on clay tablets). First numbers. First stamp (or seal). The earliest certain writing on baked clay tablets is invented in Sumer and replaces a clay token counting system. These "numerical tablets" represent the first recorded place value number system (the position of the number is multiplied by a base number), a sexagesimal (base 60) numbering system. This base 60 numbering system will be used continuously to count time, for astronomy, and geography, and is still in use today. The first writing begins as numbers on clay tablets, some also with stamped seals. This system of writing on clay tablets will evolve into modern written language. Writing was first used to solve simple accounting problems; for example to count large numbers of sheep or bales of hay. Writing may have arisen out of the need for arithmetic and storage of information, but will grow to record and perpetuate stories, myths, epics, songs, and most of what we know about human history.	Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	1285) Possibly the earliest known writing, symbols on pottery from Harrapa an Indus Valley civilization.	Harrapa
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	6223) Sundial, earliest timekeeping device.	China and Chaldea
5,490 YBN [3490 BC]	702) Cotton grown.	Northwestern Peru|Indus valley
5,310 YBN [3310 BC]	704) Earliest evidence for wheeled vehicle and animal pulled vehicles. Ox pulled vehicles.	(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland
5,300 YBN [01/01/3300 BC]	1261) In Sumer, counting tablets evolve into the beginning of pictographic writing. Now along with numbers on the clay tablets are symbols that represent the commodity (such as cows, sheep, and cereals). These symbols represent the earliest record of what will become the modern alphabet. First training and industry of scribes. This will ultimately evolve into the modern school system. The symbol for ox ("gud" in Sumerian, later "aleph" in Egyptian) will become the letter "A" (alpha), the symbol for house, (/e/ in Sumerian and /bitum/ in Akkadian ) will become "B" (beta). This writing shows that the 30 main sounds of human language are already in use. Around 1200 symbols have been identified in these ancient texts, around 60 are numerals.	Sumer
5,250 YBN [3250 BC]	637) Scribe humans in Sumer start writing in rows, left to right (seeing that writing was smudged when writing in columns) Pictures are turned 90 degrees.
5,200 YBN [3200 BC]	650) Oldest artifact with cuneiform writing, at Uruk which is a large city at this time. These are clay and stone tablets that have names of humans (thought to be wage lists), lists of objects, plus receipts and memos. Pictures not drawn with pointed reed, but drawn with (diagonally) cut reed-stem pressed in to the wet clay to make wedges. What were pictures (of oxen, etc.) are changed to be made of all single presses, not pictures drawn freehand. This writing contains about 600 unique symbols. Each symbol represents a single word, as a noun (an object or name), verb, adjective?, or adverb? Symbols are most likely not yet combined to form a single word.
5,200 YBN [3200 BC]	1060) People living in the Indus Valley Civilization are the first to have an oven within each mud-brick house.	Indus Valley
5,200 YBN [3200 BC]	1266) The oldest writing in Egypt yet found dates to now.	Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab)
5,100 YBN [3100 BC]	638) An Armenoid or Giza race of humans enter egypt. Skeletal remains show larger than average bones and skulls than the native humans. These humans bring writing to Egpyt.
5,100 YBN [3100 BC]	639) Oldest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found in Egpyt. This begins writing in Egpyt. This writing is descended from the first writing in Sumeria.
5,100 YBN [3100 BC]	641) Second oldest Egyptian Writing (Narmer Palette).
5,000 YBN [01/01/3000 BC]	1265) The proto-cuneiform Sumarian script becomes phonetic (the sounds of symbols are combined to form words). This is the beginning of phonetic written language. Evidence of this is the sign /ti/, for "arrow" that is now also defined as the Sumarian word for "life" /til/ which starts with the same sound. The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words. Perhaps all earlier spoken languages contained single-syllable words.	Jemdet Nasr
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	628) Bronze (copper and tin) melted and casted.	Tell Judaidah, Turkey|Egypt
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	649) Oldest ships made of wood. These ships were used in the Medeterranean.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	651) Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian languages all use cuneiform writing.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	666) Oldest evidence of hemp grown in China.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	668) Oldest evidence of silk making in China.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	669) Evidence of wheel in China.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	671) Oldest evidence of arch in Egypt.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	674) Oldest evidence of chariot in Sumer .
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	675) Oldest silver objects, in Ur.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	676) Oldest evidence of melting wax in clay casting (cire-perdu).
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	6219) Earliest stringed musical instrument (lyre and harp). The lyre is first depicted in Sumerian art works around 3000 BC. Harps have the plane of the strings vertical, not parallel, to the soundboard. There are two main types, the "arched harp" in which the body is curved into an arch, and an "angular harp", in which te body and neck form an angle. Sumer has only arched harps, which originate from the bow. Arched harps are depicted on a stone slab from Khafage that dates to around 3000 BC.	Sumer (modern Iraq)
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	6222) Inclined plane (ramp). The inclined plane is thought to be older than any of the other basic machines, and is based on the concept that moving an object from a lower to higher elevation is easier when pushed up a flatter slope.	Egypt?
4,925 YBN [2925 BC]	643) Hieratic script, a cursive script of traditional Egyptian hieroglyphs replaces traditional hieroglyphs. Hieratic script was almost always written in ink with a reed pen on papyrus. The word 'hieratikos' means 'priestly' because by the Greco-Roman period this writing was used only by priest humans.
4,750 YBN [2750 BC]	320) Earliest saw.	Mesopotamia
4,600 YBN [2600 BC]	1269) Earliest known inscription to a king, Enmebaragesi, ruler of Kish.	Kish, a city in Sumer, 80km south of modern Bagdad
4,600 YBN [2600 BC]	1271) The oldest known written story (or literature), the Sumerian flood story, the "Ziusudra epic" is known from a single fragmentary tablet, writing in Sumerian from Nippur. The first part tells the story of the creation of man, animals and the first cities. In this story the gods send a flood to destroy mankind. The god Enki warns Ziusudra of Shuruppak to build a large boat. A terrible storm rages for seven days and then (the god) Utu (the sun) appears and Ziusudra sacrifices an ox and a sheep. After the flood An, the sky god, and Enlil, the chief of the gods give Ziusudra "breath eternal" and take him to live in Dilmun. The rest of the poem is lost. There are many similarities between the stories of Ziusudra, Atrahasis, Utnapishtim and Noah.	Sumer
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	677) Oldest bronze sickle.
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	688) Oldest seed drills in Babylonia.
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	689) First animal and vegetable dyes.
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	690) Oldest evidence of writing on papyrus.
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	691) Oldest evidence of skis used in Skandinavia .
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	6230) Earliest dice and boardgame.	Ur, Mesopotamia
4,407 YBN [2407 BC]	800) Oldest papyrus, the Prisse Papyrus, in Egypt.
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	667) Earliest evidence of glass making, glass beads.	Mesopotamia
4,130 YBN [2130 BC]	6234) Earliest musical horn.	Lagash, Mesopotamia
4,100 YBN [2100 BC]	1279) The earliest medical (health science) text, found in Nippur.	Nippur
4,050 YBN [2050 BC]	1278) The earliest recorded laws, the Ur-Nammu tablet.	Ur
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	705) Stonehenge built.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	706) Domesticated horses used by people in Asian steppes.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	707) Copper sulphide ores smelted (melted and purified?).
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	708) Vellum in Egypt.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	710) Shaduf (Shadoof), an irrigation tool originated in Sumer.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	711) Spoked wheel.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	733) Oldest lock, found near Nineveh.	Nineveh
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	1286) The earliest known versions of the Gilgamesh (or Gish-gi(n)-mash) story are written in Sumerian on clay tablets.	Nippur
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	5860) Earliest musical composition.	Nippur, Babylonia (now Iraq) (verify)
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	6236) Metal traded as money.	Babylonia
3,842 YBN [1842 BC]	712) First all phonetic language and alphabet. Proto-semitic alphabet made in turquoise mines probably by Semitic humans. This alphabet is thought to have replaced cuneiform, and may be root of all other alphabets.	(Caanan modern:) Palestine|(turquoise mines ) Serabit el-Khadem, Sinai Peninsula
3,650 YBN [1650 BC]	716) Ahmose, a scribe in egypt, name is in the "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus" in a work entitled "directions for knowing all dark things" now in located in the British Museum.
3,552 YBN [1552 BC]	799) Oldest health science document, Ebers papyrus, in Egypt.
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	624) Oldest oven-baked (burned) mud brick.	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	723) Earliest pulley.	Nimroud, Assyria
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	724) Composite bows.
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	726) Oldest sundial clock in Egypt.
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	727) Reed boats in Peru.
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	6228) Water clock (Clepsydra).	Egypt
3,200 YBN [1200 BC]	732) Oldest iron tipped plough.
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	740) Water wheel.
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	746) Complex pulley.
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	6237) Lens.	Nimrud, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
2,910 YBN [910 BC]	635) The oldest smelted iron artifacts are from Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan and date to around 2800-2700 years ago, but two charcoal samples from the same site date to 2930-2910 years before now. This is the start of the Iron Age, as iron becomes more popular because iron is more abundant. in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt	Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan
2,800 YBN [800 BC]	718) "u" sound ("cup", "run") is used for first time in Greece.
2,800 YBN [800 BC]	818) "t" sound ("theta", "theater") is used for first time in Greece.
2,785 YBN [785 BC]	771) Babylonian astronomers can predict eclipses.
2,700 YBN [700 BC]	1075) Latin or Etruscan {check} speaking people start using the letter "C" (Gamma), not only to represent it's traditional sound "G", but also for the sound "K", usually reserved for the letter "K". This will add confusion to how to pronounce a word, and violates a more simple, logical system where one letter equals only one sound.	Italy
2,669 YBN [669 BC]	1284) Ashurbanipal, systematically collects clay tablets and builds a library.	Nippur
2,660 YBN [660 BC]	644) In Egypt, the Demotic script replaces hieratic in most secular writing, but hieratic continued to be used by priests for several more centuries.
2,650 YBN [650 BC]	1066) Evidence of the earliest aquaduct, a channel used to move water from one place to another, is in Assyria. This aquaduct is built of and carries water across a valley to the capital city, Nineveh.	Nineveh
2,600 YBN [600 BC]	762) Universe explained without Gods.	Miletus, Greece
2,580 YBN [580 BC]	764) Anaximander (Greek: Αναξίμανδρος) (Anaximandros) oNoKSEMoNDrOS or ANAKSEmANDrOS? (610 BC Miletus - 546 BC Miletus) friend and student of Thales. Anaximander thought life originated in water and that humans evolved from fish. This is the first record in history of the theory of evolution. Anaximander is among the first Greek philosophers to use a geocentric system with the earth as a flat cylinder fixed and unmoving in the center, with the sun, moon and stars and actual physical objects attached to rotating crystalline spheres centered around the earth. Presumably Greece and all surrounding places were located on the flat part of the cylinder. {check}
2,545 YBN [545 BC]	920) Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Ἡρόδοτος, Herodotos) (484 BCE- c425 BCE), a Greek historian writes "The Histories", a collection of stories on different places and peoples he learns about through his travels. It includes the conflict between Greece and Persia.
2,540 YBN [540 BC]	783) Anaximenes (~570 BC Miletus - ~500BC), possible pupil of Anaximander. Isaac Asimov claimed that Anaximenes was the first to distinguish clearly between planets and stars {check}. Perhaps Anaximenes made the name "planet" which translates to "wanderer" in Greek. Anaximenes thought that a rainbow is natural phenomenon, and not a goddess, as was the prevailing belief.
2,540 YBN [540 BC]	784) Xenophanes (~570 BC - ~480 BC), a Greek philosopher, poet, social and religious critic , learns from Pythagarus, but leaves Ionia for Southern Italy, (to a town named "Elea"). Xenophanes was less mystical and wrote of the Pythagarus school. Xenophanes did not believe in transmigrartion of souls, or in primitive greek gods, but in a mono theism rare to greek. Xenophanes found seashells on mountain tops and reasoned that earth changed over time, so that mountains must have been under sea and then rose, therefore Xenophanes is the first human in history to make a contribution to the science of Geology. Not until Hutton were any other contributions to Geology made. Our knowledge of his views comes from his surviving poetry, all of which are fragments passed down as quotations by later Greek writers. His poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including the belief in the pantheon of human-like gods and the Greek people's continued support of athleticism. Xenophanes rejected the idea that the gods resembled humans in form. One famous passage ridiculed the idea by claiming that, if oxen were able to imagine gods, then those gods would be in the image of oxen. Because of his development of the concept of a "one god greatest among gods and men" that is abstract, universal, unchanging, immobile and always present, Xenophanes is often seen as one of the first monotheists.
2,530 YBN [530 BC]	797) Eupalinus, Eupalinus of Megara (20 mi west of athens), a Greek architect, constructed for the tyrant Polycrates of Samos a tunnel to bring water to the city, passing the tunnel through a hill for half a mile, starting at both ends, meeting at the center and unaligned by only a few inches.
2,530 YBN [530 BC]	798) Theodorus of Samos is a Greek sculptor and architect who, along with his father Rhoecus, also a sculptor in Samos, is often credited with the invention of ore smelting and, according to Pausanias, the craft of casting. He is also credited with inventing a water level, a carpenter's square, and, according to Pliny, a lock and key and the turning lathe.
2,529 YBN [529 BC]	772) Pythagoras describes the earth as a sphere.	Croton, Italy
2,520 YBN [520 BC]	785) Hecataeus (Greek: Εκαταίος) (~550 BC Miletus-476 BC) of Miletus is a Greek historian, native of Miletus from a wealthy family. Hecataeus continued the tradition of Thales, traveled through the Persian empire, and made a book on Egypt and Asia that has never been found. In Egypt, Egyptian humans showed Hecataeus records going back hundreds of generations. Hecataeus continued the work of anaximander in trying to map the entire earth. Hecataeus rationalised history and geography, writing the first account of history that did not accept gods and myths at face value. Hecataeus had a skeptical and scornful view of myths. Hecataeus and his books will undoubtably become the inspiration for the later historian Herodotus.
2,510 YBN [510 BC]	786) Heraclitus (~540 BC Ephesus 30 mi north of Miletus, ~540 bc - ~475 bc) disagrees with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagorus about the nature of the ultimate substance, thinking fire to be a fundamental element of the universe. Heraclitus claims that the nature of everything is change itself. A typically pessimistic view led to Herkleitos being called the "weeping philosopher". Only fragments of text by Heraclitus have been found.
2,510 YBN [510 BC]	787) Parmenides (~540 BC Elea (now Velia), Italy - ??) a student of Ameinias, and pre-Socratic philosopher, follows in the tradition of the Ionian exiled Pythagorus and Xenophanes. Parmenides opposed the view of Heraclitus, claiming that one object can not turn in to other object fundamentally different. Parmenides argued that creation (something from nothing) and destruction (nothing from something) is impossible. Parmenides chose reason over senses, feeling senses to be untrustworthy. Parmenides founds school in Elea, the "Eliatic School" based on this philosophy of reason over senses. Zeno was the most recognized person educated in the school. Zeno, will use distrust of senses to describe a set of paradoxes.
2,490 YBN [490 BC]	789) Hanno (~530 BC Carthage near now called Tunis - ???), Cathaginian (A branch of the Phoenicians) Navigator, sails 60 ships with 3000 people, down the coast of Africa in order to start new settlements. Much of what is learned about Hanno is from an 18 sentence travel-record, or "Periplus" of this journey, from Herodotus, and Pliny the Elder. Herodotus will express doubts about the accuracy of Hanno's story, because of a report that in the far south the sun at noon was in the nothern half of the sky, which Herodotus will think is impossible, but is in fact true for the southern hemisphere of earth. This is strong evidence, taken together with the Periplus of Hanno's journey that Hanno is the first human to sail over the equator into the Southern Hemisphere.
2,467 YBN [467 BC]	1894) Optical telegraph (or semaphore). The Greek playwright, Aeschylus, describes how news of the fall of Troy reaches the city of Argos (600 km away) in only a few hours by the use of fire signals.	Greece (presumably)
2,464 YBN [464 BC]	836) Human rejects theory that Gods control the universe. Sun and moon viewed as objects instead of Gods.
2,460 YBN [460 BC]	841) Humans recognize that all matter is made of atoms. Leukippos (Greek Λευκιππος ) (lEUKEPOS?) (BCE c490-???) is the first person of record to support the theory that everything is composed entirely of various indestructable, indivisible elements called atoms.
2,410 YBN [410 BC]	849) Meton (~440BC Athens - ???) finds that 235 lunar months (moon rotations of earth) are close to 19 earth years, so if there are 12 years of 12 lunar months, and 7 years of 13 lunar months, every 19 years the lunar calendar would match the seasons. This will come to be called the "Metonic cycle" (although probably recognized by astonomers in Babylonia before this time). The Greek calendar will be based on the Metonic cycle until 46 BCE when the Julian calendar will be made by Julius Caesar with the help of Sosigenes.
2,408 YBN [408 BC]	1138) Aristophanes (Greek: Ἀριστοφάνης) (c.448 BCE - c.385 BCE) a Greek comedy playwriter, questions the idea of Gods in {cannot find play} by writing "Shrines! Shrines! Surely you don't believe in the gods. What's your argument? Where's your proof?" and in the comedy play "Knights": "Demosthenes: Of which statue? Any statue? Do you then believe there are gods? Nicias: Certainly. Demosthenes: What proof have you?"	Athens, Greece
2,398 YBN [398 BC]	850) Archytas (greek: Αρχύτας) (428 BC - 347 BC), third most recognized Pythagorean, solves problem of "doubling a cube".
2,336 YBN [336 BC]	868) Phillip II is killed. Aristotle moves back to Athens, and Alexander III (Alexander the Great) starts to take over the Persian empire. Aristotle sends his nephew Callisthenes as historian.
2,332 YBN [332 BC]	921) One story has Alexander planning the city with his best advisors, and laying out the city in either seeds or flower. When a large flock of birds eat the seeds, Alexander thinks this is a bad omen, but his advisors tell him that this means the city will serve many people from all over {try to find source of exact story}. This story has Alexander commanding that there be a library dedicated to the Muses built in Alexandria.
2,325 YBN [325 BC]	887) Pytheas PitEoS (Πυθέας) (380 BCE Massalia {now Marseille France}- 310) sails to Great Britain and possibly Iceland. Pytheas is the first person to explain tides as happening because of the influence of the moon, is the first person to show that the North star was not exactly at the pole and makes a small circle in a day. Pythias describes the Midnight Sun (the Sun is visible for 24 hours), the aurora and Polar ice, and is the first person to mention the name "Britannia" and Germanic tribes.
2,323 YBN [323 BC]	862) After Aristotle moves to Chalcis, Aristotle choses Theofrastos (Theophrastus) (Greek: Θεόφραστος) (tEOFrASTOS?) (~372 BC Eresus, Lesbos - 287 Athens) to preside over the Peripatetic school, which he does for thirty-five years. The Lyceum maintains it's highest quality under Theophrastos. Theophrastos describes over 500 species of plants and is the founder of botony, the study of plants. Theophrastus is charged with asebeia (atheism) but acquitted by a jury in Athens.
2,323 YBN [323 BC]	863) Aristotle is charged with "impiety" (lack of respect for gods, atheism) and leaves Athens.
2,323 YBN [323 BC]	877) Ptolemy I Soter (Greek: Πτολεμαίος Σωτήρ Ptolemaios Soter, 367 BC-283 BC), a Macedonian general, becomes ruler of Egypt (323 BC-283 BC) and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
2,310 YBN [310 BC]	869) Kidinnu (340 BCE Babylonia - ???), head of the Astronomical school in Sippar (Babylonia), works out the precession of equinoxes (the axis of the Earth slowly changes direction over many years ).
2,300 YBN [300 BC]	927) Ptolemy I encourages Hekataeos (Greek: Εκαταίος) of Abdura (Άβδηρα) (340-280 BCE) (not to be confused with other historian Hekataeos of Miletus 200 years earlier) to live in Egypt and write a new Aegyptiaca (history of egypt), which has not yet been found, but large parts of this work will be found in the writing of Diordorus. Hecataeus compares Egyptian Gods to Greek Gods, equating Dionysius to Osirius, Demeter to Isis, Apollo to Horus, Zeus to Ammon, Hermes to Thoth, Hephaestus to Ptah, Pan to Min, even the 9 muses to Osiris' nine maidens.
2,297 YBN [297 BC]	902) Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαίου Σωτήρα) starts construction of the Soma, in Alexandria, a mausoleum where Alexander and subsequent kings will be stored after death, the famous Lighthouse of Pharos, the research center known as the Mouseion (a temple to the Muses, a "Mousaeion" (Μουσείον also Μουσείου, Museum: in actuality a University and Library ) and the Royal Library (which may have been a separate building near the Mousaeion or may have been inside the Mousaeion), in the Royal Palaces area. The Mousaeion will house the smartest scientists of this time. This research center will also include a zoo. Some of these monuments will take more time to build than 2 decades and will be completed under the reign of Ptolemy II.
2,290 YBN [290 BC]	903) Berossos (Berossus), a Chaldean priest, writes a history of Babylonia, which in complete form has not yet been found, although secondary sources provide some information.
2,287 YBN [287 BC]	872) Strato becomes third director of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastos.
2,285 YBN [285 BC]	1028) Earliest musical organ.	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt
2,280 YBN [06/10/280 BC]	922) The Ptolemies in Egypt, Seleukids in Syria, and Attalids in Pergamon compete for scientific supremecy by establishing libraries and centers for learning in their capitals, Alexandria, Antioch, and Pergamum.
2,275 YBN [275 BC]	888) Manetho (Manethon Μανέθων), a native egyptian historian, writes a history of Egypt in Greek.
2,265 YBN [265 BC]	931) Pliny the Elder will record in the 1st century CE that Hermippus, a student of Callimachus writes a commentary on the versus of Zoroaster now. This implies that these stories have been translated from Iranian to Greek.
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	663) Lever.	Mesopotamia
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	822) Screw.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	882) Aristarchos understands that the Earth rotates around the Sun each year and that the earth rotates around its own axis once a day.	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt
2,246 YBN [246 BC]	898) Eratosthenes correctly calculates the size of earth.	Alexandria, Egypt
2,240 YBN [240 BC]	889) Conon (KOnoN) (Κόνων) (circa 280 BCE Samos - circa 220 BCE Alexandria) learns from Euclid, teaches Archimedes.
2,240 YBN [240 BC]	923) Ptolemy III has the Serapeion (Serapeum) (Σεραπείου SRoPAU?) built presumably to store surplus books of the Royal Library.
2,230 YBN [230 BC]	1034) The letter "G" is added to the Latin alphabet in Rome. Before this the letter "C" could be either the "K" or "G" sound, now the letter "G" will have the "G" sound and the letter "C" will only have the "K" sound. A more logical system would be to not add any letter "G", and to use the letter "C" only as "G", "K" for all "K" sounds, but this simple one letter equals one sound only system is not recognized. This confusion about how to pronounce the letter "C" will continue for thousands of years, persisting even today. Later the letter "C" will also take on an "S" and "CH" sound and "G" will take on the "J" sound, adding to a simple and unnecessary confusion.
2,186 YBN [186 BC]	1117) The Suàn shù shū (算數書) or "Writings on Reckoning" is the earliest know Chinese mathematical text.	Zhangjiashan, Hubei Provience, China
2,150 YBN [150 BC]	1039) Seleukos (Seleucus) (Asimov: SeLYUKuS, t: SeLYUKOS) of Seleucia (on the Tigris River) (190BCE-?), agrees with the sun-centered theory of Aristarchos. Seleukos views the universe as infinite in size. Seleukos may have used changes in tides as evidence for a sun-centered theory.
2,140 YBN [140 BC]	1070) Earliest paper artifact (although without writing) is made of hemp fibers and comes from a tomb in China.	Xian, China
2,105 YBN [01/01/105 BC]	1042) Poseidonios (Poseidonius) (Greek: Ποσειδώνιος) (POSiDOnEuS) (135 BCE Apamea, Syria - 50 BCE) calculates the largest and most accurate size for the sun, even larger than Aristarchos' calculation. Ptolemy will accept Poseidonios' inaccurate smaller estimate for the size of the earth, and reject the correct estimate of Eratosthenes, and this inaccurate value will last for 1500 years. Poseidonios forms a school in Rhodes.
2,075 YBN [75 BC]	1116) The first use of negative numbers is in the Chinese mathematics book "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" (Jiu-zhang Suanshu). Negative numbers are in read and positive numbers in black.	China
2,056 YBN [56 BC]	1045) Lucretius (BCE c95-c55) describes light as being made of tiny atoms that move very fast.	Rome, Italy
2,048 YBN [48 BC]	956) A fire set by soldiers for Julius Caesar may have burned only some storehouses of books, or may have partially or completely burned the Royal Library too, but in any event, the Royal Mouseion (which possibly housed the Royal Library) and Sarapeion survived undamaged.
2,040 YBN [40 BC]	1058) Earliest waterwheel and elevator (vertical lift).	Rome
2,033 YBN [33 BC]	1059) Strabo (STrABO), a Greek historian, geographer, and philosopher, makes 17 volumes (16 that have been found), of geography based on Eratosthenes' work and accepts Eratosthenes' estimate for the size of earth. Strabo writes a long history of Rome not yet found. Strabo recognizes that Vesuvius is a volcano (which will erupt 50 years after Strabo's death).	Amasya, Pontus {on the coast of Turkey}
1,980 YBN [20 AD]	912) Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE - 50 CE), a Roman encyclopedist, makes 8 books in Latin describing Greek learning.	Gallia Narbonensis, southern France
1,950 YBN [50 AD]	1078) Steam engine.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,920 YBN [80 AD]	1077) Pedanius Dioscorides (DEOSKORiDEZ), Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist who practises in Rome during the reign of Nero writes "De Materia Medica" in 5 books. "De Materia Medica" is the first encyclopedia of medical plants and drugs, and describes 600 plants almost 1000 drugs.	Tingentera, Southern Spain
1,917 YBN [83 AD]	766) Oldest evidence of magnetic compass.	China (more specific)
1,895 YBN [105 AD]	1086) Tsai Lun (TSI lUN) (c.50 CE Kueiyang, Kweichow - c.118 CE) is thought by many to have invented paper from matter like tree bark, hemp, silk and fishing net, but artifacts of paper have been found that date to before Lun by more than 100 years.	Kueiyang, Kweichow?, China
1,880 YBN [120 AD]	970) Claudius Ptolemaeus (Klaudios Ptolemaios) (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος; c.90 - c.168 CE) (Ptolemy, an astronomer, no known relation to Ptolemy royal family) writes a 13-volume "The Great Treatise", later named "Almagest", systematizes Alexandrian knowledge of astronomy and catalogs a thousand stars. Ptolemy creates an elegant mathematics of epicycles to explain the apparent motions of the stars and planets based on the incorrect geocentric cosmology derived from the texts of Aristotle. This work will be influential in Europe until the 16th century.
1,838 YBN [162 AD]	971) Galen (Greek: Γαληνός Galinos, Latin: Claudius Galenus of Pergamum) (129-200 CE), is a Greek physician. Sadly and shockingly, Galen's views will dominate the science of health in Europe for more than one thousand years. Galen is the first to understand that blood flows through veins, and is first to study nerve function. Galen is the first to identify many muscles and to decribe the movement of urine through ureters to the bladder.
1,822 YBN [178 AD]	1030) Celsus (KeLSuS) writes "The True Word" against the Christian religion.
1,800 YBN [200 AD]	1073) Earliest ink on paper printing.	China
1,738 YBN [262 AD]	1031) Porfurios (Porphyry) (c.232-c. 304 AD) (Greek: Πορφυρίου) writes "Adversus Christianos" (Against the Christians) in 15 books, of which only fragments remain. Porfurios also advocates rights for the other species.
1,728 YBN [272 AD]	985) After the occupation of Alexandria by Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, Emperor Aurelian attacks in the royal quarter result in so much destruction that members of the Mouseion either flee the country or take refuge in the Serapeum. Ammianus Marcellinus records: "But Alexandria itself was extended, not gradually, like other cities, but at its very beginning, to great dimensions, and for a long time was exhausted with internal disputes, until finally, after many years, when Aurelian was emperor, the civic quarrels escalated into deadly strife. Its walls were torn down and it lost the greater part of the area which was called the Brucheion, and which had long been the dwelling place of its most distinguished men." Possibly scrolls are transfered to the Serapeum, Kaisareion or Claudianum annexes. Epiphanius will write about the Brucheion a few after Ammianus, that where the library had once been, "there is now a desert" (Patrologia Graeca, 43, 252)
1,650 YBN [350 AD]	1133) The first use of a lodestone as a direction finder is in the Chinese book "Book of the Devil Valley Master".	China
1,638 YBN [362 AD]	1032) Flavius Claudius lulianus, Julian (the Apostate), (Greek: Ιουλιανός o Παραβάτης) (331-June 26, 363) issues a "tolerance edict" which reopens the Pagan temples, and calls back exiled Christian bishops. Julian writes "Against the Galileans" which has only been preserved from the writings of Cyril of Alexandria, in his rebuttal "Against Julian".
1,591 YBN [409 AD]	998) Synesios (Synesius) (c370-413 CE), who studies under Hypatia, describes the pictures of philosophers in the Mouseion. There is no later reference to the Mouseion's existence in the fifth century. This is evidence that the Mouseion survived intact after the destruction of the Sarapeion in 391. Since Synesios is thought to have died around 414, and there are no other references after Synesios, it is possible that the Mouseion was destroyed a short time before or after the murder of Hypatia.
1,585 YBN [03/??/415 AD]	1009) Hypatia (Greek: Υπατία and Ὑπατίας) (c360 - 415), a popular female philosopher, mathematician and astronomer in Alexandria is murdered by Christian people. Many people site this as the end of ancient science. Clearly, the seed of science survived, as science grows now, in the time we live in.
1,569 YBN [431 AD]	1139) The Council of Ephesus sentences Porfurios' (and other) books against Christianity to be burned (but does not mention the emperor Julian's anti-christian writings).	Ephesus,
1,552 YBN [448 AD]	1043) Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450), Eastern Roman Emperor (408-450) orders all non-christian books burned. In fighting the ancient Hellenic tradition, or "Paganism" as it would be later called, the Christian people destroy much of the science learned and recorded in books stored in temples to the traditional Greek Gods.
1,501 YBN [499 AD]	1309) Although debated, Aryabhata in India describes a sun-centered planetary model with the earth turning on its own axis, and planets following elliptical orbits in his book "Aryabhatiya".	Kusumapura (modern Patna), India
1,400 YBN [600 AD]	1111) Windmill.	Persia (Iran)
1,372 YBN [628 AD]	1115) Brahmagupta (c.598 CE - c.668 CE) is the first person recorded to use the number zero.	Ujjain, India
1,360 YBN [640 AD]	1120) Theophanes records that Greek fire was invented around 670 in Constantinople by Kallinikos (Callinicus), an architect from Heliopolis in Syria (now Baalbek, Lebanon). This is the first reported use of a flame throwing weapon.	Constantinople
1,249 YBN [01/01/751 AD]	1253) Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Arabic: جابر بن حيان) (c.721-c.815), with Latinised name Geber, is the first of the important Arab alchemists and introduces the experimental method into alchemy. Jabir is credited with being the first to prepare and identify sulfuric and other acids.	Kufa, (now Iraq)
1,239 YBN [761 AD]	1122) Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Arabic: جابر بن حیان) (c.721-c.815), known also by his Latinised name Geber, is a prominent Islamic alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, astronomer, and physicist.
1,219 YBN [01/01/781 AD]	1254) Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus (Alcuin) (oLKWiN) (c.732-May 19, 804) a scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, England, accepts an invitation from Charlesmagne to be head of education for Charlemagne's kingdom which is most of Western Europe. In the Palace School of Charlemagne, Alcuin will revolutionize the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creates an atmosphere of scholarship and learning. In Aachen, Alcuin designs a method of writing "Carolingian minuscule" to fit as much text on the expensive parchment. This symbol set is the ancestor of lower-case letters. All writing before this is done in capital (or majuscule) letters. In my opinion, lower case has complicated language, and people should use a one letter for one sound phonetic alphabet for all languages.	Aachen, in north-west Germany, or York, England
1,204 YBN [01/01/796 AD]	1255) Alcuin establishes a school in Tours where scribes are trained to carefully copy manuscripts. The new Carolingian miniscule alphabet letters created by Alcuin will spread from text copied here and ultimately develop into the miniscule (or lower case) letters used today (although I think a one letter one sound phonetic alphabet for all languages will ultimately be most popular if not completely replaced by recorded video and audio).	Tours, France
1,200 YBN [800 AD]	6221) Earliest bow for stringed instrument.	River Oxus (modern) Turkmenistan (Central Asia)
1,185 YBN [815 AD]	1021) Caliph al-Mamun founds the "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad, Iraq. (Some people argue that al-Mamun's father al-Rashid founded the Bayt al-Hikma). A library and observatory are joined to this house. In the House of Wisdom, many works will be translated from Greek, Persian and Indian into Arabic. Many original works will be created here too. The House of Wisdom recruits and supports the most talented scholars.	Baghdad
1,170 YBN [830 AD]	1257) Al-Khwārizmī (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي‎) (oLKWoriZmE), as a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, translates and extends the work of Diofantos in "Ilm al-jabr wa'l muqabalah" (the science of transposition and cancellation). "Al-jabr" translates into Latin as algebra. The symbols 1 through 9, the Indian numerals will be transmitted to Europe from Fibonacci's translation of this work. These numerals are easier to use than Roman numerals and will replace the Roman numerals.	Bagdad, Iraq
1,170 YBN [830 AD]	1297) Al-Khwārizmī (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي‎) (oLKWoriZmE) translates and extends the work of Diofantos in "Ilm al-jabr wa'l muqabalah" (the science of transposition and cancellation). "Al=jabr" translates into latin as algebra. The symbols 1 through 9, the hindu numerals will be transmitted to Europe from Fibonacci's translation of this work. These numerals are easier to use than Roman numerals and will replace the Roman numerals.	Bagdad, Iraq
1,150 YBN [850 AD]	1144) Earliest record of gunpowder in China.	China
1,132 YBN [868 AD]	1074) Wood block Printing. Oldest printed book.	China
1,102 YBN [898 AD]	1305) Al-Battani, an Arab astronomer, refines the length of the year to 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, the most accurate result for the length of the year up to this time, and this value will be used 700 years later in the Gregorian reform of the Julian Calendar.	Raqqa, Syria. Ar-Raqqah (الرقة, also spelled Rakka), is a city in north central Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km east of Aleppo.
1,095 YBN [905 AD]	1303) Al-Razi (full name Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarīya al-Rāzi Latin: Rhazes), a Persian physician and chemist, is the first to prepare "plaster of paris" and describes how it can be used to hold broken bones in place, to identify and distinguish between smallpox and measles, is the first of record to divide all substances into animal, vegtable and mineral, accepts the atom theory, dismisses miracles and mysticism, thinks religion harmful and the cause of hatred and wars.	Rayy (near Tehran, Iran)
1,080 YBN [920 AD]	6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.	L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland
1,040 YBN [960 AD]	6186) Earliest rocket.	China
1,025 YBN [975 AD]	1022) The "Suda", one of the first encyclopedias is compiled, credited to a person named Suidas.
1,024 YBN [976 AD]	1308) Ibn al-Haytham (Full Name: Abu 'Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham) (Arabic: and Persian: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم) (Latinized: Alhazen (oLHoZeN)) (CE c965-1039), builds the first recorded pin-hole camera (camera obscura), and is the first Arab astronomer of record to support a sun centered theory.	Cairo, Egypt
1,000 YBN [1000 AD]	1054) Paper money.	China
987 YBN [1013 AD]	1409) Al-Biruni (full name: Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni) (CE 973-c1051), a Persian scholar, writes that astronomic data can also be explained by supposing that the earth turns daily on its axis and annually around the sun, and notes "the attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth".	Ghazna, Afghanistan
959 YBN [1041 AD]	1124) Movable type printing.	China
932 YBN [1068 AD]	1312) Al-Zarqali (In Arabic أبو أسحاق ابراهيم بن يحيى الزرقالي ),(full name: Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yahya Al-Zarqali) (Latin: Arzachel) (Spanish and Italian: Azarquiel), (1028-1087 CE), although debated, supports the sun-centered theory revived by al-Haytham and improves on this model by having the planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.	Toledo (in Castile, now) Spain
868 YBN [1132 AD]	1146) Gunpowder is first used as a propellant. First cannon and gun.	China
850 YBN [1150 AD]	1310) Bhaskara (1114-1185) expands on Aryabhata's heliocentric model in his astronomical treatise "Siddhanta-Shiromani".	Ujjain, India
816 YBN [11/??/1184 AD]	1153) The Inquisition starts when Pope Lucius III holds a synod at Verona, Italy, creating the shockingly brutal law that burning is to be the official punishment for heresy.	Verona, Italy
792 YBN [1208 AD]	1392) Robert Grosseteste (GrOSTeST), (CE c1175-1253), English scholar and teacher of Roger Bacon, is the first person to write, in his scientific treatise "De Luce" (Concerning light), that light is the basis of all matter (although Grosseteste does not explicitly describe light as being made of particles he does mention atomic theory). This theory will still not be publicly recognized as true by the majority of people 750 years later today. Possibly this is just an unfounded guess, and/or an extension of the biblical text describing a god commanding "Let there by light".	Lincoln, England (where de luce is written)
700 YBN [1300 AD]	1121) Mechanical clock.	Europe
632 YBN [1368 AD]	1167) The earliest evidence {what it is I don't yet know} of the bamboo gun being replaced with bronze, which makes this the first metal gun and cannon, known as the Huochong, more reliable and powerful than the bamboo gun.	China
560 YBN [02/12/1440 AD]	1437) Nicholas of Cusa (Nicholas Krebs) (1401-1464), German scholar, writes "De docta ignorantia" ("On Learned Ignorance"), in which Krebs correctly describes space as infinite, is the first of record to correctly identify that stars are other suns and is the first to describe that other stars have inhabited worlds.	Cusa, Germany
508 YBN [10/12/1492 AD]	1450) Humans from Europe reach the Americas by crossing the Atlantic Ocean.	(probably) San Salvador
481 YBN [09/20/1519 AD]	1491) Ferdinand Magellan (moJeLoN) (c1480-1521), sets sail from Spain to circumnavigate the earth.	Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain
478 YBN [09/08/1522 AD]	1475) Magellen's crew is the first to circumnavigate the earth.	Seville, Spain
457 YBN [1543 AD]	1482) Copernicus' (1473-1543) book supporting a sun centered theory is published.	written in Frombork, Poland; (printed in)Nuremberg, Germany
408 YBN [1592 AD]	1613) Thermometer.	Padua, Italy
392 YBN [1608 AD]	1618) Hans Lippershey (LiPRsE) (CE 1570-1619), German-Dutch optician, invents the first telescope (and microscope).	Middelburg, Netherlands (presumably)
391 YBN [1609 AD]	1619) Kepler determines that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.	Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD]	1605) Galileo finds that planet Jupiter has four moons, visible only by telescope, that circle Jupiter with regular motions. Within a few weeks Galileo determines the periods of each moon. Galileo is the first to see that planet Venus has phases like the moon.	Venice, Italy
389 YBN [06/??/1611 AD]	1617) Johannes Fabricius (FoBrisEuS) (CE 1587-1615) is the first to show that the Sun rotates around its own axis.	Esens, Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands) (guess)
386 YBN [1614 AD]	1584) John Napier invents logarithms and exponential notation.	Scotland (presumably)
384 YBN [1616 AD]	1644) William Harvey (CE 1578-1657) understands the circulatory system.	London, England
384 YBN [1616 AD]	1831) Niccolò Zucchi (CE 1586-1670) builds the earliest known reflecting telescope.	Rome, Italy
381 YBN [1619 AD]	1585) John Napier invents the decimal point.	Scotland (presumably)
376 YBN [1624 AD]	6241) Submarine.	Thames River, England
369 YBN [1631 AD]	1663) Pierre Gassendi (GoSoNDE) (CE 1592-1655), observes the transit of Mercury.	Paris, France (presumably)
369 YBN [1631 AD]	1664) Pierre Gassendi (GoSoNDE) (CE 1592-1655), measures the velocity of sound.	Paris, France (presumably)
367 YBN [1633 AD]	1666) Law of inertia (a body preserves its motion). Comparison of light to a ball.	Netherlands (presumably)
363 YBN [1637 AD]	1668) René Descartes (CE 1596-1650) (DAKoRT) describes the Cartesian coordinate system where points are plotted on a surface.	Netherlands (presumably)
361 YBN [1639 AD]	1708) Jeremiah Horrocks (CE 1618-1641), observes the transit of Venus.	Hoole, Lancashire, England (presumably)
359 YBN [1641 AD]	6244) Repeating gun.	Netherlands
357 YBN [1643 AD]	1692) Earliest vacuum.	Florence, Italy
355 YBN [1645 AD]	1844) Ismaël Bullialdus (CE 1605-1694) theorizes that the force of gravity follows an inverse-squared distance law.	Paris, France
350 YBN [1650 AD]	1683) Otto von Guericke (GAriKu) (CE 1602-1686) constructs the first air pump.	Magdeburg, Germany (presumably)
345 YBN [03/25/1655 AD]	1763) Huygens (HOEGeNZ) (CE 1629-1695) identifies the (first?) moon of Jupiter, Titan.	The Hague, Netherlands (presumably)
344 YBN [1656 AD]	1764) Huygens (HOEGeNZ) (CE 1629-1695) invents the first pendulum clock.	The Hague, Netherlands (presumably)
339 YBN [1661 AD]	1754) Malpighi (moLPEJE), (CE 1628-1694) observes the connection of arteries and veins.	Bologna, Italy
338 YBN [1662 AD]	1739) Robert Boyle (CE 1627-1691) explains that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related (this is called Boyle's Law).	Oxford, England (presumably)
337 YBN [1663 AD]	1814) James Gregory (1638-1675) publishes the earliest design of a reflecting telescope.	London, England
337 YBN [1663 AD]	2247) Otto von Guericke (GAriKu) (CE 1602-1686) builds the first static electricity generator.	Magdeburg, Germany (presumably)
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1726) (Italian:) Giovanni Domenico Cassini (Ko SEnE) (French:) Jean Dominique Cassini (KoSE nE) (CE 1625-1712) measures the period of rotation of Mars as 24 hours and 40 minutes.	Bologna, Italy
334 YBN [1666 AD]	1803) Robert Hooke (CE 1635-1703) publishes his theory that a single attractive force from the sun, which varies in inverse proportion to the square distance between the sun and planet, is responsible for the planets' elliptical orbits.	London, England (presumably)
334 YBN [1666 AD]	1826) Isaac Newton (CE 1642-1727) understands that light is a mixture of differently refractable colored rays.	Woolsthorpe, England
332 YBN [1668 AD]	1727) (Italian:) Giovanni Domenico Cassini (Ko SEnE) (French:) Jean Dominique Cassini (KoSE nE) (CE 1625-1712) establishes Jupiter's period of rotation as nine hours fifty-six minutes.	Bologna, Italy
331 YBN [1669 AD]	1735) Erasmus Bartholin (BoRTUliN) (CE 1625-1698) is the first to record the "double refraction" phenomenon of calcite (Iceland feldspar).	Copenhagen, Denmark
329 YBN [1671 AD]	1729) Giovanni Cassini (Ko SEnE) (CE 1625-1712) identifies the moon of Saturn, Iapetus (IoPeTuS).	Paris, France
328 YBN [02/19/1672 AD]	1829) Isaac Newton (CE 1642-1727) theorizes that rays of light might be particles (globular) like tennis balls. Newton explains that white light is a mixture of differently refractable (refrangible) primary colors.	Cambridge, England
328 YBN [1672 AD]	1730) Giovanni Cassini (Ko SEnE) (CE 1625-1712) identifies a moon of Saturn, Rhea (rEo).	Paris, France
326 YBN [09/07/1674 AD]	1781) Leeuwenhoek (lAVeNHvK) (CE 1632-1723) is the first to observe protists (single-cell organisms with one or more nucleus).	Delft, Netherlands
325 YBN [1675 AD]	1732) Giovanni Cassini (Ko SEnE) (CE 1625-1712) identifies the space between the ring of Jupiter, called "Cassini's division".	Paris, France
324 YBN [10/09/1676 AD]	1782) Leeuwenhoek (lAVeNHvK) (CE 1632-1723) is the first to observe bacteria.	Delft, Netherlands
324 YBN [1676 AD]	1851) Humans estimate speed of light.	(Paris Observatory) Paris, France
322 YBN [1678 AD]	3592) Direct neuron activation (neuron writing). Human contracts muscle with electricity.	Amsterdam, Netherlands (presumably)
316 YBN [1684 AD]	1733) Giovanni Cassini (Ko SEnE) (CE 1625-1712) identifies the moons Dione (DIOnE) (Greek Διώνη) and Tethys (TEtuS) (Greek Τηθύς) of Saturn.	Paris, France
313 YBN [1687 AD]	1845) Isaac Newton (CE 1642-1727) describes the universal law of gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.	Cambridge, England (presumably)
296 YBN [1704 AD]	1846) Isaac Newton rejects the theory of light as a motion through a medium in favor of a universe mostly made of empty space and supports the theory that light moves in a straight line.	Cambridge, England (presumably)
265 YBN [1735 AD]	1996) Carolus Linnaeus (linAus) (CE 1707-1778) creates a uniform system for categorizing living objects of earth, including the human species.	Netherlands
255 YBN [11/04/1745 AD]	1972) Storage of electricity. The capacitor.	Pomerania?, Prussia (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland)
247 YBN [02/17/1753 AD]	2658) Earliest telegraph.	Scotland, Great Britain (presumably)
240 YBN [1760 AD]	2122) Water separated into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity.	Turin, Italy
231 YBN [1769 AD]	1206) First self-propelled vehicle. Steam-engine powered automobile.	England
226 YBN [1774 AD]	2216) Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (loVWoZYA) (CE 1743-1794) shows how material in the air combines with metals when heated, which will end the phlogiston theory of combustion, and demonstrates the conservation of mass.	Paris, France (presumably)
219 YBN [03/13/1781 AD]	2840) William Herschel (CE 1738-1822) German-English astronomer, identifies the planet Uranus.	Bath, England
217 YBN [07/15/1783 AD]	2206) Steamboat.	Saône River, near Lyon, France
217 YBN [11/21/1783 AD]	2194) Human flight by balloon.	Paris, France
215 YBN [1785 AD]	2168) Charles Augustin Coulomb (KUlOM) (CE 1736-1806) finds that electrical and magnetic attraction and repulsion are both proportional to amount of charge and inversely proportional to distance squared. This will eventually lead to the famous equation now called Coulomb's law: F=kq1q2/r^ 2 (state who is the first to formally state this equation)	Paris?, France (presumably)
209 YBN [1791 AD]	2175) Remote neuron activation (Remote neuron writing). Muscle contracted remotely by using electric spark and metal connected to nerve.	Bologna, Italy
204 YBN [07/01/1796 AD]	2280) Immunity by vaccination proven.	Berkeley, England (presumably)
201 YBN [1799 AD]	2315) Joseph Louis Proust (PrUST) (CE 1754-1826) shows that elements combine in definite proportions.	Segovia, Spain
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD]	2250) Alessandro Volta (VOLTo) (CE 1745-1827) builds an electric battery.	Pavia, Italy
200 YBN [05/02/1800 AD]	2307) William Nicholson (CE 1753-1815) separates water into hydrogen and oxygen gas using electric current.	London, England (presumably)
200 YBN [1800 AD]	2179) Invisible light recognized. William Herschel (CE 1738-1822) recognizes that an invisible portion of the spectrum of light beyond the color red (later named infrared) heats up a thermometer more than any other color.	Slough, England
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD]	2405) Humans measure frequency and wavelength (or particle spacial interval) of light, and use glass diffraction gratings. Theory of light interference.	London, England
198 YBN [1802 AD]	2365) William Hyde Wollaston (WOLuSTuN) (CE 1766-1828) identifies spectral lines.	London, England
197 YBN [10/21/1803 AD]	2375) John Dalton (CE 1766-1844) provides a chemical basis for the theory that all matter is made of atoms of different size and mass. Dalton makes the first table of elements by atomic mass.	Manchester, England
191 YBN [1809 AD]	2466) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (GAlYUSoK) (CE 1778-1850) identifies that gases combine in small whole number ratios by volume.	Paris, France (presumably)
191 YBN [1809 AD]	2481) Electric light.	London, England
189 YBN [1811 AD]	2432) Amedeo Avogadro (oVOGoDrO) (CE 1776-1856) creates the concept of a molecule and distinguishes between atoms and molecules.	Vercelli, Italy
186 YBN [1814 AD]	2571) Fraunhofer explains that each substance emits specific frequencies of light and invents a spectroscope.	Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany
184 YBN [1816 AD]	2351) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce (nYePS) (CE 1765-1833) creates the first photograph.	Chalon-sur-Saône, France
180 YBN [04/21/1820 AD]	2454) Hans Christian Ørsted (RSTeD) (CE 1777-1851) finds that electricity moves a magnetic compass needle.	Copenhagen, Denmark
180 YBN [09/25/1820 AD]	2424) Magnetism identified as electricity. André Marie Ampère (oMPAR) (CE 1775-1836) understands that magnetism is caused by an electric current; that magnetism is actually electricity.	Paris, France
180 YBN [1820 AD]	3374) Gas combustion engine.	(Magdalen College) Cambridge, England
179 YBN [07/05/1821 AD]	2883) Electrical current in air and in gassless space is moved by a magnet.	London, England
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD]	2701) Michael Faraday (CE 1791-1867) invents the first electric motor.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
174 YBN [03/??/1826 AD]	3454) Talbot understands that the spectrum of a flame can be used to detect the presence of chemical compounds.	London, England
174 YBN [1826 AD]	3384) Gas combustion engine car.	London, England
172 YBN [02/??/1828 AD]	2857) First organic molecule (urea) produced from inorganic sources.	(Berlin Gewerbeschule (trade school)) Berlin, Germany
171 YBN [03/27/1829 AD]	2844) A human produces electric current by moving wire near a magnet.	Pavia, Italy
169 YBN [02/17/1831 AD]	2702) The electrical transformer.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD]	2705) Michael Faraday (CE 1791-1867) invents the dynamic electric generator, (or "dynamo") by mechanically moving a conductor near a magnet to produce a constant electric current. Otto von Guericke (GAriKu) (CE 1602-1686) had built the first static electricity generator in 1663.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
169 YBN [1831 AD]	2414) Robert Brown (CE 1773-1858) names the cell "nucleus".	London, England (presumably)
168 YBN [1832 AD]	2514) Plastic (nitrocellulose).	Nancy, France
166 YBN [01/01/1834 AD]	1247) Mechanical harvester (reaper).	Rockbridge County, Virginia, USA
166 YBN [1834 AD]	2899) Measurement of velocity of electricity in wire.	(King's College) London, England
162 YBN [1838 AD]	2540) Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (CE 1784-1846), measures the parallax of a different star.	Königsberg, (Prussia now:) Germany
162 YBN [1838 AD]	2934) Cell theory.	(University of Jena) Jena, Germany
161 YBN [01/09/1839 AD]	2617) Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (DoGAR) (CE 1789-1851), reduces the time to make a photograph from 8 hours to 30 minutes.	Paris, France
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD]	3308) Light converted to electricity (photoelectric or photovoltaic effect).	(University of Paris) Paris, France
161 YBN [1839 AD]	3072) Cell theory extended to all animals and plants.	(University of Louvain) Louvain, Belgium
158 YBN [03/30/1842 AD]	3171) First use of anesthesia (ether) for surgery.	Jefferson, Georgia
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD]	2839) A human sees the spiral shape of spiral galaxies.	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland
154 YBN [09/23/1846 AD]	3073) Planet Neptune is observed.	Berlin, Germany (and Paris, France)
150 YBN [05/06/1850 AD]	3281) Humans see that light moves slower in water than in air.	Paris, France (presumably)
149 YBN [02/03/1851 AD]	3282) Foucault proves experimentally that the Earth rotates on its axis.	Paris, France (presumably)
148 YBN [01/07/1852 AD]	2880) Constant high voltage applied to empty and gas-filled evacuated tubes.	London, England (presumably)
143 YBN [03/24/1857 AD]	3999) Sound recorded onto paper around a cylinder.	Paris, France
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD]	3033) Theory of evolution. Humans understand their descent from a single ancestor and the process of natural selection.	(Linnean Society), London, England
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD]	3087) Kirchhoff understands that the spectra of light can be used to determine the atomic composition of a substance.	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD]	3997) Microphone, telephone and speaker. Sound converted to electricity and back to sound again. Quietly sending sound over longer distance is possible.	(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD]	5575) Direct neuron reading. Electricity in nerve cells measured.	Liverpool, England
123 YBN [12/24/1877 AD]	4002) Sound recording played out loud.	(private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA
122 YBN [1878 AD]	3790) Synthetic fabric.
120 YBN [1880 AD]	5839) Artificial muscle.	(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany
115 YBN [05/23/1885 AD]	4017) Invisible particle communication. Radio communication.	(private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA
113 YBN [03/04/1887 AD]	3713) Gas engine car.	(factory) Stuttgart, Germany
113 YBN [1887 AD]	4369) Electricity of heart beat measured and recorded.	(St. Mary's Hospital) London, England
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD]	4021) Moving images captured and stored on plastic film (celluloid) using camera and projected onto a screen using a projector, played together with sound from a phonograph.	(Piccadilly) London, England
105 YBN [01/31/1895 AD]	3842) Argon and inert gases identified.	(Own Laboratory) Terling, England
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD]	3936) X-rays	(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany
102 YBN [1898 AD]	4698) Magnetic writing and reading of data.	(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD]	4493) First powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight.	Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA
96 YBN [1904 AD]	5099) Radar.	Düsselsorf, Germany (presumably)
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD]	4788) Electric switch and amplifier.	(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD]	354) Helicopter achieves free flight while carrying a passenger.
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD]	3616) Image sent and received by an invisible frequency of light particles (radio).	London, England
91 YBN [1909 AD]	4899) Wireless telephone.	(Marconi Company) London, England (verify)
88 YBN [11/11/1912 AD]	4404) Diffraction explained as particle reflection.	(Cavindish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
82 YBN [06/21/1918 AD]	6199) Electronic read and write memory.	(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD]	4750) Humans change atoms of nitrogen into atoms of oxygen.	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England
66 YBN [03/17/1934 AD]	4755) Atomic fusion. Helium atom made from two hydrogen atoms.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
66 YBN [05/??/1934 AD]	5275) Atomic fission. Neutrons split uranium atoms.	(University of Rome) Rome, Italy
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD]	5515) Image of individual atoms. Atoms confirmed to be about 0.1 nm in size.	(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany
62 YBN [06/22/1938 AD]	5448) First image of virus.	(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD]	5835) Bipedal robot.	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA
58 YBN [12/02/1942 AD]	5277) Self-sustained atomic fission reaction.	(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA
55 YBN [07/16/1945 AD]	5311) Atomic fission explosive.	(Alamogordo Test Range) Jornada del Muerto (Journey of Death) desert, New Mexico, USA
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD]	5660) Double helix structure of DNA understood.	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
46 YBN [04/28/1954 AD]	5265) Protein synthesized.	(Cornell University Medical College) New York City, New York, USA
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD]	5649) The maser.	(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD]	5486) The first human-made satellite, Sputnik 1.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam, 370 km southwest of the small town of Baikonur) Kazakhstan (, Soviet Union)
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD]	5597) A ship from Earth, "Luna 2", impacts the moon of Earth.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan (was Soviet Union)
40 YBN [04/22/1960 AD]	5768) The laser.	(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD]	5601) First human to orbit the Earth.	Saratovskaya oblast, Russia (was U.S.S.R.)
38 YBN [10/26/1962 AD]	6201) Laser writing and reading of data.	(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA
35 YBN [07/14/1965 AD]	5615) Ship from Earth reaches Mars.	Planet Mars
34 YBN [03/01/1966 AD]	5613) Ship from Earth impacts Venus, "Venera 3".	Planet Venus
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD]	655) Humans land and walk on the surface of the moon of Earth. The United States "Apollo 11".	Moon of Earth
29 YBN [11/14/1971 AD]	5618) Ship from Earth (U.S. "Mariner 9") orbits another planet (Mars).	Planet Mars
29 YBN [11/27/1971 AD]	5619) Ship from earth impact Mars (the Soviet "Mars 2").	Planet Mars
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD]	5620) The first ship from Earth to soft land on planet Mars and return data: the Soviet "Mars 3".	Planet Mars
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD]	5622) Ship from Earth (U.S. "Pioneer 10") reaches Jupiter.	Planet Jupiter
25 YBN [10/20/1975 AD]	5623) Ship from Earth orbits and lands on Venus (Soviet "Venera 9").	Planet Venus
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD]	388) Ship from Earth, the U.S. "Pioneer 11", reaches Saturn.	Planet Saturn
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD]	5628) Ship from Earth, the U.S. "Voyager 2", reaches Uranus, sends images of Uranus, its moons, and rings.	Planet Uranus
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD]	6194) Microscopic motor. An electromagnetic motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD]	5629) A ship from Earth, the U.S. "Voyager 2", reaches planet Neptune and transmits the first close images of Neptune, its moons and rings.	Planet Neptune
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD]	6191) Individual atoms moved.	(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA
5 YBN [12/07/1995 AD]	396) Ship orbits Planet Jupiter.	Jupiter
0 YAN [01/01/0 AD]	5832) Stem cells repair damaged nerves.	(Chosun University) Kwangju, South Korea
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD]	6192) Microscopic radio chip (RFID).	(Hitachi) Japan
1 YAN [07/27/2001 AD]	6200) MEMS rotational wing flying device.	(University of Tokyo) Tokyo, Japan
3 YAN [04/04/2003 AD]	6195) Nanometer scale motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
4 YAN [07/01/2004 AD]	5641) Ship orbits planet Saturn.	Planet Saturn
5 YAN [01/14/2005 AD]	5642) Ship lands on Titan, moon of Saturn.	Planet Saturn, moon Titan
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD]	3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured remotely.	(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan
9 YAN [10/12/2009 AD]	6207) Microscopic laser in two dimensions. (Probably earlier-verify)	(Institute for Quantum Electronics) Zurich, Switzerland
11 YAN [05/02/2011 AD]	6196) Microscopic camera in two-dimensions.	(Medigus Ltd. and Tower Semiconductor Ltd) Omer, Israel
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 AD]	332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely and played out loud.
15 YAN [2015 AD]	6193) Microscopic camera. Wireless microscopic camera.
18 YAN [2018 AD]	6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle.
20 YAN [2020 AD]	337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons is shown publicly. Microscopic devices enter the human body by the lung, enter the blood circulation which connects directly to all cells, and position themselves as human-made cell organelles, and particle communication outside the body signals the devices to make a neuron fire. Making a nerve cell fire is the first use of the human-made organelle device. Using this method, muscles can be remotely contracted, and images and sounds can be sent directly to brain (direct-to-brain windows/direct-to-brain videos). From this point on, humans will communicate by sending and receiving thought-images and thought-sounds with each other.
20 YAN [2020 AD]	6197) First microscopic flying device and first microscopic remote particle controlled flying device.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	365) Thought-images recorded remotely (remote neuron reading) and shown publicly.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	680) Thought-audio recorded (Remote neuron reading) and played out loud publicly. Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6198) First microscopic flying camera and remotely particle controlled microscopic flying camera.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	791) Walking robots start replacing humans in most low-skill jobs (fast-food, fruit and vegetable picking, etc)
40 YAN [2040 AD]	366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot, lighter and more electrically efficient, than motor robots.	unknown
50 YAN [2050 AD]	790) Humans walk around with robot servants. These robots clean and cook for their owners.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	6300) Bacteria identified and destroyed by microscopic device inside animal body.	unknown
55 YAN [2055 AD]	6302) Cancer cell growth stopped by microscopic devices. Microscopic particle communication devices identify and destroy cancer cells inside an animal body.	unknown
58 YAN [2058 AD]	6303) Cancer caused by microscopic particle device inside an animal body.	unknown
60 YAN [2060 AD]	6301) Virus identified and destroyed by microscopic particle device inside an animal body.	unknown
100 YAN [2100 AD]	367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets. Flying cars travel over the already exiting roads because of sound level. Heli-cars are popular alternative to ground cars because of improvements to safety, for speed because street-level roads are overcrowded, and for only a little more cost. These cars are basically low flying, low-noise helicopters with ground driving abilities built in. The helis are robot controlled and have safety devices like emergency thrust, airbags, and parachutes with camera and laser guidance that make crashes a thing of the past. These vehicles may have 3 propellers (or perhaps 1 propeller and 2 air thrusters) to allow driving more like a car without tilting.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	4613) All bacteria and viruses conquered. No bacteria or virus, when caught early enough, can kill a human or any other species because wireless nano-scale devices can identify and destroy all known bacteria and viruses anywhere inside or outside of the body.	unknown
130 YAN [2130 AD]	4572) Humans land ship on asteroid.	unknown
140 YAN [2140 AD]	687) Large scale transmutation: Humans can convert most common atoms (Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into the much more useful atoms (Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen). This allows many humans to live independently of earth, on planets and moons without water.
150 YAN [2150 AD]	4575) Robots walk on moon of Earth and build buildings.	unknown
150 YAN [2150 AD]	6304) Nucleic Acid changed by remote control microscopic devices. This leads to repair, regrowth and reshaping of damaged cells with microscopic devices.	unknown
200 YAN [2200 AD]	792) Robots and computers have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks (including driving, cleaning, food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving).
200 YAN [2200 AD]	795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.
200 YAN [2200 AD]	6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow and reshape damaged cells.
230 YAN [2230 AD]	4584) Robots walk and build buildings on Mars.	unknown
260 YAN [2260 AD]	4592) Humans land on the surface of Mars.	unknown
270 YAN [2270 AD]	4594) Humans live on the surface of Mars.	unknown
280 YAN [2280 AD]	4598) Human-filled ship orbits the Sun.	unknown
325 YAN [2325 AD]	781) The majority of humans in developed nations do not believe in any heaven or hell.
340 YAN [2340 AD]	4606) Humans land on Mercury.	unknown
350 YAN [2350 AD]	4607) Humans live on Mercury.	unknown
350 YAN [2350 AD]	4608) Humans orbit Jupiter.	unknown
400 YAN [2400 AD]	4611) Humans land on a moon of Jupiter.	unknown
500 YAN [2500 AD]	683) Removal of Venus atmosphere is started.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	686) End of death by aging, through genetic editing, humans grow and develop to age 20, and then hold that body shape indefinitely, dying only from physical destruction. Most humans will now live for thousands of years, some even for millions of years. This causes the human population to grow at an extremely rapid pace.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	776) All people in developed nations no longer attend religious services at least once a month.
550 YAN [2550 AD]	4615) Humans live on Venus.	unknown
570 YAN [2570 AD]	4616) Humans move an asteroid.	unknown
650 YAN [2650 AD]	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles. This is the reverse of separating atoms into light particles (photon fusion).	unknown
700 YAN [2700 AD]	4620) Humans orbit Saturn.	unknown
701 YAN [2701 AD]	4560) Humans land on moon of Saturn.	unknown
750 YAN [2750 AD]	4622) Ship reaches Alpha Centauri. First close up pictures of planets of a different star. Robots start building large ships from new matter for humans that will arrive in large quantities.	unknown
765 YAN [2765 AD]	6209) Living objects on planets of another star identified (bacteria made of DNA).	Alpha Centauri
800 YAN [2800 AD]	24) Humans consume an asteroid.
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4627) Humans orbit Uranus and land on a moon of Uranus.	unknown
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4628) Humans change the motion of a moon (of Jupiter).	unknown
850 YAN [2850 AD]	4580) Humans change the motion of a planet (Earth).	unknown
900 YAN [2900 AD]	29) Ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. First image of the surface of Jupiter. Perhaps the surface will be found to be liquid metal and rock, and the liquid and solid part of Jupiter found to be 6 times the diameter of Earth.	unknown
900 YAN [2900 AD]	4630) Humans orbit Neptune and land on a moon of Neptune.	unknown
950 YAN [2950 AD]	4633) Ship impacts surface of Saturn.	unknown
1,000 YAN [3000 AD]	4631) Jupiter atmosphere removal starts.	unknown
1,000 YAN [3000 AD]	4635) Ship impacts surface of Uranus.	unknown
1,000 YAN [3000 AD]	4636) Ship impacts surface of Neptune.	unknown
1,150 YAN [3150 AD]	4638) Ship reach the second closest star, Barnard's star.	unknown
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4614) Ship from Centauri reaches Earth and returns the first objects from a different star.	Neptune
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4637) Humans reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Humans now live around two star systems.	unknown
1,300 YAN [3300 AD]	777) The majority of humans in traditionally undeveloped nations are not religious.
1,350 YAN [3350 AD]	4640) Ship reaches Sirius.	unknown
1,400 YAN [3400 AD]	4641) Motion of Venus purposely controlled by orbiting ships.	unknown
1,500 YAN [3500 AD]	684) Atmosphere of Venus completely removed.
1,600 YAN [3600 AD]	4643) Motion of Mars controlled by orbiting ships.	unknown
1,800 YAN [3800 AD]	681) Moon population reaches maximum possible (250 trillion).
1,800 YAN [3800 AD]	4645) Motion of Jupiter controlled by orbiting ships.	unknown
1,800 YAN [3800 AD]	4655) Humans live on Jupiter.	Jupiter
1,900 YAN [3900 AD]	682) Population of Mars reaches maximum.
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4644) The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely removed.	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4646) Humans have ships at 10 star systems.	unknown
2,200 YAN [4200 AD]	4651) Rings of Saturn consumed.	unknown
2,300 YAN [4300 AD]	778) All humans in traditionally undeveloped nations are not religious.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4579) Venus atmosphere like Earth.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4654) Ships orbit 20 different stars.	unknown
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4659) Humans land on Saturn.	unknown
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4660) Humans land on Uranus.	unknown
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4662) Motion of all planets under human control.	unknown
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.
2,600 YAN [4600 AD]	4663) Atmosphere of Saturn removed.	unknown
2,600 YAN [4600 AD]	4665) Humans land on Neptune.	unknown
2,600 YAN [4600 AD]	5605) Atmosphere of Uranus consumed.	unknown
2,700 YAN [4700 AD]	4667) Atmosphere of Neptune consumed.	Neptune
2,800 YAN [4800 AD]	685) Population of Venus reaches maximum.
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	679) Population of earth reaches maximum.
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	4668) Ships orbit 50 stars.	unknown
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	6177) Venus is completely filled with living objects and functions as a ship.	unknown
3,100 YAN [5100 AD]	4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.	unknown
3,500 YAN [5500 AD]	6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.	Mars
4,000 YAN [6000 AD]	4674) Centauri moved towards Earth star.	Centauri
4,000 YAN [6000 AD]	4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.	unknown
4,500 YAN [6500 AD]	4676) Globular cluster of 4 stars (Sun and Centauri stars).	unknown
15,000 YAN [17000 AD]	678) One trillion humans.
25,000 YAN [27000 AD]	4677) Globular cluster of 10 stars, humans inhabit 100 stars.	unknown
45,000 YAN [47000 AD]	4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.	unknown
50,000 YAN [52000 AD]	4658) All asteroids are consumed.
55,000 YAN [57000 AD]	4672) Planet Mercury completely filled with living objects.	unknown
60,000 YAN [62000 AD]	6175) Mars is filled with living objects.	Mars
65,000 YAN [67000 AD]	6174) There is no more molten material inside the Earth. Earth is completely filled with living objects. The inside is connected to the surface by many passages. The sphere of Earth is held together by human-made support structures. Earth functions as a giant ship. Earth and the other planets will perhaps function as giant metal ships for a long time. With only light particles from the Sun as source of new matter, the Earth and other completely developed planets may have to consume/convert more internal matter, perhaps becoming hollow or dividing into smaller ships.	Earth
70,000 YAN [72000 AD]	4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.	unknown
90,000 YAN [92000 AD]	6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy.	unknown
100,000 YAN	4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed.	unknown
130,000 YAN	100) The star of Earth is consumed.
185,000 YAN	6178) All planets of Sirius consumed.	Sirius
205,000 YAN	6317) Sirius consumed.	Sirius
630,000 YAN	106) Ten to the power 100 (a google) humans.
100,000,000 YAN	4685) All stars in the Milky Way Galaxy will belong to a globular cluster.	unknown
20,000,000,000 YAN	4686) The Milky Way Galaxy is now a globular galaxy.	unknown
30,000,000,000 YAN	4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the Magellanic Cloud Galaxies.	unknown
40,000,000,000 YAN	4688) The Milky Way and Andromeda Globular Galaxies join.	unknown

"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
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